Optimization of antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitory activity in mango peels using response surface methodology
Introduction
Mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) is the most economically important fruit in Thailand, ranking third among the world's mango producing countries (FAOSTAT database). There are several varieties of mango grown in Thailand, such as Nam-Dok-Mai, Tong-Dam, Kaew, and Chok-Anan. The Nam-Dok-Mai cultivar is well known for industrial processing because of its deliciousness and attractive appearance (Ledeker, Suwonsichon, Chambers, & Adhikari, 2014). The Tong-Dam cultivar is more in demand for the export market, and it is available all year round. The industrial processing of mangos also produce several million tons of wastes, particularly from the peels and seeds at various stages, which causes a major waste disposal problem (Dorta et al., 2012a, Dorta et al., 2012b). The peel itself contributes to about 15% of the fruit's weight and the seed about 20% (with 45–78% from the kernel) (Masibo & He, 2008). Therefore, utilization these waste products have become an important task for research and development. Systematically reducing waste and putting it to other uses is profitable both economically and ecologically speaking (Kiassos, Mylonaki, Makris, & Kefalas, 2009).
In general, those by-products continue to be rich in bioactive components, especially in phenolic compounds, which may exhibit a wide range of physiological properties, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (Rodríguez-Meizoso et al., 2008). The major polyphenols present in mangos that act as a source of natural antioxidants are as follows: mangiferin, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol, cinnamic acids, tanins, vanillin, coumarin, rhammetin, antocyanins, gallic and ellagic acids, propyl and methyl gallate, benzoic acid, and protocatechuic acid (Masibo and He, 2008, Sogi et al., 2013). The extract of the mango peels and the seed kernels also has a great deal of tyrosinase inhibitor, antioxidant activity, and chelating activity (Dorta et al., 2012a, Maisuthisakul and Gordon, 2009, Maisuthisakul and Gordon, 2012).
To enhance the efficiency of the extraction process, one must consider and work to optimize the following extraction parameters: the liquid/solid ratio, the ethanol concentration, and the extraction time. With statistical and mathematical techniques, optimizing the extraction processes could provide for an environmentally friendly and cost effective condition for producing natural bioactive compounds from the plant by-products (Dahmoune et al., 2015, Milutinović et al., 2014, Setyaningsih et al., 2015, Yuan et al., 2014).
To date, the authors of this study are unaware of published information about the optimization of bioactive compound extraction from mango peels using an experimental design. Thus, the objective of the current study was to optimize the extraction conditions for mango peels with the RSM and measure the tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidative activity of the extract.
Section snippets
Chemicals
Absolute ethanol was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), and Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent were obtained from Fluka (Steinheim, Germany). 2,2′-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), gallic acid, mushroom tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), and l-DOPA were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.).
Sample material and preparation
Nam-Dokmai and Tong-Dam mangos were purchased from local markets in
Extraction yield
In order to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds from mango peels, the relevant variables had to be fixed and studied. The selection of solid-to-liquid ratio influences the efficacy of the extraction and the extraction properties. The impact of the solid-to-liquid ratio on the extraction of phenolic compounds yield from TDP and NDP were conducted with six ratios (1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40; g/mL), which are shown in Fig. 1A. The results show that the extraction yield was
Conclusions
Response surface methodology has proved to be effective in estimating the effect of three independent variables, namely ethanol concentration, temperature, and time. Solid to liquid ratio had significant effect on yield, EPC, tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidative activities at the ratio of 1:30 (g/mL). This was chosen as the optimum parameter. These experimental results showed that ethanol concentration and temperature had significant effects on the response values. The optimal conditions
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Mae Fah Luang University,Chiang Rai, Thailand for the financial support. The TRF Distinguished Research Professor Grant was acknowledged. This manuscript was edited for grammatical accuracy by Matthew Robert Ferguson of Mahidol University International College.
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