Yeast extract could be used as a partial substitute for spray-dried porcine plasma in diets for weaned pigs
Introduction
Weaning stress could result in numerous challenges for pigs, including diarrhea, impaired performance, and increased mortality (Pluske et al., 1996, Pan et al., 2017a2017c). One effective approach to relieve weaning stress is to supplement appropriate animal protein sources in the weaned diets (Tokach et al., 2003, Pan et al., 2016a). Animal protein sources are especially significant for weaning pigs and provide nutritional advantages over plant protein sources (Maxwell and Carter, 2001). Spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) as high-quality animal protein is commonly used in early weaned diets to improve performance (Pierce et al., 2005, Song et al., 2012) and to enhance immune function of weaned pigs (Bosi et al., 2004, Corl et al., 2007). However, conventional animal protein resources such as SDPP are in short supply (Zhang et al., 2015a, Pan et al., 2016a), and the use of SDPP in pig industry has been inhibited in many countries for its potential bio-security risk and high cost (Van Dijk et al., 2001, Che et al., 2012). Thus, there is an increasing interest in recent years to find new potential protein source supplements to replace SDPP in weaned diets.
Yeast extract (YE) separated from inner yeast cell could be a functional source of nutrients, since it is rich in peptides and nucleotides (Pereira et al., 2012). Dietary nucleotides as one group of bioactive agents are supposed to diminish challenges of pigs related to weaning by stimulating the immune system and maintaining a beneficial intestinal environment (Andre´s-Elias et al., 2007, Sauer et al., 2011). Numerous studies have been reported that YE as a superior protein ingredient to substitute SDPP for weaned pigs had beneficial effects on the performance, immune function and intestinal health (Carlson et al., 2005, Pereira et al., 2012, Hu et al., 2014). Additionally, our team have identified YE could be a potential substitute for SDPP as a superior protein ingredient in diets for pigs in terms of the available energy and apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acid (Wu et al., 2017a). Based on our previous studies, we hypothesized that YE could replace SDPP partially to improve growth performance of weaned pigs by stimulating the immune responses. Therefore, the objective of the experiments is to evaluate the effects of YE as a partial substitute for SDPP on growth performance, immune function and intestinal health in weaned pigs.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
The YE and SDPP was supplied by Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care (Marcq-en-Baroeul, France) and NP Protein Company (Tianjin, China), respectively. The analysed nutrient composition of YE and SDPP is presented in Table 1.
Results
There were no significant differences in ADFI among treatments (Table 3). Pigs fed SDPPD and YED have greater ADG (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency (P < 0.05) than those fed NCD. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM and GE was similar among the treatments, and SDPPD and YED improved the ATTD of CP compared with NCD (P < 0.05). No significant differences in growth performance were found between SDPPD and YED.
The YED decreased SUN concentration (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease serum
Discussion
Spray-dried porcine plasma as high-quality animal protein is commonly used in early nursery diets to decrease intestinal diseases and improve performance (Corl et al., 2007, Song et al., 2012, Pan et al., 2016a). Numerous studies reported that dietary inclusion of YE as a half substitute for SDPP had positive effect on performance of pigs (Pereira et al., 2012, Hu et al., 2014). Carlson et al. (2005) reported that YE supplementation in weaned pig diets was similarly effective as SDPP in
Conclusions
Weaning diets supplemented with SDPP and YE could improve growth performance of piglets by enhancing immune function. Overall, YE could be a partial substitute for SDPP in diets for weaned pigs in terms of positive performance and immune function.
Conflict of interest statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
This research was supported by the Nation Nature Science Foundation of China[NO. 31372316; 31772612].
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Both the authors contributed equally to the work.