Changes in learning styles induced by practical training
Introduction
The basic type of learning of an individual is indicated by the term learning style. Hilliard defined learning style as follows “A predisposition on the part of a student to adopt a particular leaning strategy regardless of the specific demands of the learning task” (Hilliard, 1995). Learning styles are related to various approaches or ways of learning. They are also related to preference of educational methods, on basis of which optimization of learning for a specific individual can be achieved.
Common categorization of the learning style classifications is cognition-centered, learning-centered and personality-centered learning styles (Sadler-Smith, 1999). Learning styles based on direct experience are denominated as experiential learning styles and involve the process of making meaning from direct experience. Learning style inventories are classified on basis of stability (Coffield, Hall & Ecclestone, 2004). The styles mentioned under experiential learning belong to the group of “flexibly stable learning preferences”. This indicates that learning styles within this group tend to adapt slowly to experiences.
In many medical curricula the first years focus on the cognitive aspects and acquisition of technical skills. During practical training (i.e., clerkships) the learning environment changes often dramatically from rather scholastic to “teaching on the job”. As a result learning gets heavily influenced by experience. Non-cognitive objectives are addressed more extensively in this second period. As a result it is likely that the learning style of students can change during this prolonged (in most medical schools at least 2 years) period of practical training (Volet, Renshaw, & Tietzel, 1994). To investigate experiential learning styles the inventories of Kolb and Honey & Mumford are suitable (Honey and Mumford, 1982, Kolb, 1984). These inventories determine learning style and claim to predict behavioral choices an individual tends to make. The tests measure the four modes of the learning process: concrete experience (CE), reflective observation (RO), abstract conceptualization (AC) and active experimentation (AE). CE and AC are considered to be contrasting, the same holds for AE and RO. After putting them in a diagram four basic learning styles are discerned by Kolb. In Honey & Mumford's concepts learning styles are highly in line with these mentioned styles, but different names are given; activist, reflector, theorist and pragmatist (Honey & Mumford, 1982). The resulting scheme is depicted in Fig. 1.
- 1.
Accommodators (activist as denominated by Honey and Mumford) like to do things, carry out plans and tasks and like to be involved in new experiences. They learn best when they are in involved in new experiences, problems and opportunities, working with others in business games, team tasks, role-playing, being thrown in the deep end with a difficult task, chairing meetings, leading discussions; they learn less when listening to lectures or long explanations, reading, writing or thinking on their own, absorbing and understanding data, following precise instruction to the letter (Groat & Musson, 1996).
- 2.
Divergers/reflectors emphasize concrete experiences and reflective observations; their strength lies in imaginative ability and awareness of meaning and values. They learn best when observing individuals or groups at work, they have the opportunity to review what has happened and think about what they have learned, producing analyses and reports doing tasks without tight deadlines. Reflectors learn less when: acting as leader or role-playing in front of others, doing things with no time to prepare, being thrown in at the deep end, being rushed or worried by deadlines.
- 3.
Assimilators/theorist prefer inductive reasoning and ability to create models are major capacities. Theorists learn best when: they are put in complex situations where they have to use their skills and knowledge, they are in structured situations with clear purpose, they are offered interesting ideas or concepts even though they are not immediately relevant, they have the chance to question and probe ideas behind things. Theorists learn less when: they have to participate in situations which emphasize emotion and feelings, the activity is unstructured or briefing is poor, they have to do things without knowing the principles or concepts involved, and they learn less in case they feel to be out of tune with the other participants e.g., with people of very different learning styles.
- 4.
Strength of convergers/pragmatists lies in problem solving, decision making and practical application of ideas. They learn best when there is an obvious link between the topic and job, they have the chance to try out techniques with feedback e.g., role-playing, they favor techniques with obvious advantages e.g., saving time, they are shown a model they can copy e.g., a film or a respected boss. Pragmatists learn less when: there is no obvious or immediate benefit that they can recognize, there is no practice or guidelines on how to do it, there is no apparent pay back to the learning e.g., shorter meetings, and the event or learning is ‘all theory’ (Kolb, 1984).
This report describes the investigations on changes in learning style induced by clerkships in a medical school.
Section snippets
Aims of the study
Two primary research questions were formulated: 1. Does the change from theoretical learning to practical training result in alterations in learning style? and 2. Is later career preference related to learning style?
The inventory
Learning styles were tested using the 40-item inventory used at the Centre for Postgraduate Training of the University of Amsterdam. The test is the translation into Dutch of the inventory of Honey and Mumford (1986). The inventory of Honey & Mumford was extensively reviewed in respect to reliability and validity by Coffield et al. (2004). Additional questions inquired for age, gender, interval between high school and start of medical school, year of start of the medical school, start of
Discussion
Research based on experiential learning in medical students and health care professionals is scarce. One explanation lies in the fact that Kolb developed his experiential learning inventory in a non-medical setting, i.e., the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Kolb, 1984). Later Honey and Mumford focused on managers (Honey & Mumford, 1982). Our report deals with learning styles of students, who already have mastered cognitive objectives and enter a new phase of experiential learning
Conclusions
Medical students have a limited pragmatic learning style, which persist during clerkships; they do develop more reflective and theorist activity, and the activist learning style activity is at a stable level during clerkships. Previous occupational activities resulted at start of clerkships in a more activist preference. Previous other studies initially resulted in higher activist and lower reflective scores. After finishing clerkships these effects were wiped out. However, clerkships add to
Funding
No funding.
Ethical approval
Not necessary.
Conflict of interests
No conflict of interests.
Acknowledgments
None.
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