Sorption of Cr(VI) by Amberlite XAD-7 resin impregnated with brilliant green and its determination by quercetin as a selective spectrophotometric reagent
Introduction
The determination of low level of Cr(VI) in environmental samples and its removal from the water by using an inexpensive processing are very important. Several methods have been described for the separation and determination of Cr(VI) ions including, solvent extraction [1], coprecipitation [2], and solid phase extraction [3], [4], [5], [6]. Solid phase extraction is one of the well-known preconcentration/separation techniques for this purpose [7], [8], [9], [10]. In this technique, various reagents used as chelating agents are grafted onto appropriate solid supports, such as Amberlite XAD series, which have been successfully used in most studies in our working group [11], [12], [13]. Among the various methods of solid sorbent preparation, impregnating methods have been more developed in the last decade [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]. The impregnation method is free from difficulties encountered in chemically linking a chelating reagent to a support matrix. In addition, there is a wide choice of reagents for desired selectivity [17], [18], [19], [20].
Brilliant green (BG) is one of the commonly known cationic dye (structure is shown in Fig. 1(a)) used for various purposes, e.g. biological stain [21], veterinary medicine [22], an additive to poultry feed to inhibit propagation of mold [23], intestinal parasites and fungus [24]. It is also extensively used in textile dying and paper printing [25]. Recently, adsorption of BG on a series of organic/inorganic substances was characterized for various purposes, e.g. removal of BG from aqueous solution [26], [27], [28], preparation of optical pH sensor [29], separation/preconcentration of uranyl ions [30].
In the light of the requirements for the search of a simple and inexpensive method for separation/preconcentration of Cr(VI) followed by their individual elution and determination, this work has been designed to prepare a selective anion-exchange resin containing BG via the impregnation in/on Amberlite XAD-7, a copolymer backbone for the selective uptake of Cr(VI) from weakly acidic solutions. Subsequently, enabling to determine Cr(VI) eluted from the resin by a simple spectrophotometric method has targeted to use quercetin, a natural antioxidant reagent, which was used previously as a selective agent for the determination of Cr(VI) in natural water samples [31].
Section snippets
Reagents
All the chemical reagents were of analytical reagent grade and supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Amberlite XAD-7 (20–50 mesh, surface area: 450 m2 g−1, pore diameter: 90 Å) was obtained from Fluka (Switzerland). Double distilled and deionized fresh water was used in all the experiments. BG solutions were prepared by dissolving the appropriate amounts in 100 mL of methanol. Quercetin solution (1.0 × 10−3 M) was prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount in 100 mL of n-amyl alcohol. All of these
Preparation and characterization of the EIR
As pointed out above, there is no report referring to use BG as an extractant for Cr(VI) ion recovery. In the current study, BG was impregnated on/in Amberlite XAD-7, which is an inert polymeric substance based on acrylic ester, hydrophobic, continuous pore phase with a weak dipole moment of 1.8. It is used for removal of organic pollutants form aqueous wastes, ground water and vapor streams. It has been also used in the impregnation procedures for preparation of various impregnated resin
Conclusion
Column-mode solid phase extraction of Cr(VI) with an impregnated resin containing BG provides an effective preconcentration and separation of Cr(VI). The newly impregnated resin exhibited a good affinity and selectivity to extract Cr(VI) ions as an ion-exchange ligand. This EIR seems promising for removal of Cr(VI) ions as apparent from the column studies. Enhanced detection limit, relatively simple sample preparation, and cost effective analysis of trace amount of Cr(VI) are feasible with this
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