The dark side of home: Assessing possession ‘clutter’ on subjective well-being
Introduction
The existential experience of home as a universal, important reflection and source of self-identity for individuals has been established across multiple scholarly disciplines (e.g., Czikszentmihalyi and Rochberg-Halton, 1981, Mallett, 2004, Moore, 2000). Nevertheless, scholars have noted a number of deficiencies for understanding ‘home’ as a psychological construct. First, studies examining home have focused on a positive and often romanticized view of home as a source of comfort and security, while ignoring negative experiences that can detract from one's sense of psychological home (Deem, 1986, Donohoe, 2011, Manzo, 2005, Manzo, 2014). Second, studies that empirically model multi-dimensional facets of home and its interrelationships with other concepts, such as place attachment, are needed to advance the understanding of emotional bonds between humans and places (Hernández et al., 2014, Lewicka, 2011). And last, while conceptual frameworks have largely assumed a positive relationship between psychological home and a person's overall psychological well-being (Sigmon, Whitcomb, & Synder, 2002), this important connection has not been empirically tested, especially for negative factors that might disrupt this relationship.
The present study explored a “dark side of home,” created when the experiential quality of home is compromised by clutter. “Home” where italicized throughout this paper reflects our use of the word as not simply an individual's current physical dwelling, but rather the broader constellation of experiences, meanings, and situations that shape and are actively shaped by a person in the creation of his or her lifeworld (Seamon, 1979). Important to people's efforts at place-making are surrounding themselves with material objects that reflect self. Personal possessions strengthen the interconnectedness between self and home (Jacobs & Malpas, 2013), unless they threaten to overwhelm living spaces. Clutter is defined in this paper as an overabundance of material possessions that collectively create disorderly and chaotic home environments. When the volume of possessions becomes excessive, cluttered spaces can interfere with people's ability to execute normal life activities, such as cooking, cleaning, and moving safely through the home (Frost, Steketee, & Tolin, 2012). Instead of connectedness, clutter can create disconnectedness from important dimensions of at-homeness (Seamon, 2014). Excessive clutter is a hallmark of compulsive hoarding, a remarkably common but often hidden psychological disorder that can pose serious threats to the health, safety, and well-being of the affected person and those who live with or near them (Frost and Hartl, 1996, Frost et al., 2000). The objective of the present study is to verify empirically within a population affected with mild to severe clutter issues relationships among constructs largely developed by phenomenologists in order to describe the impact of clutter on one's sense of psychological home and quality of life. A primary consequence of clutter is that it can stifle the productive creation of self and ultimately detract from the most important positive benefit of psychological home, that being, a greater sense of psychological well-being (Belk, Seo, & Li, 2007).
Section snippets
Literature review
A common criticism lodged against studies involving home or place more generally is lack of a unifying theoretical framework from which to examine antecedents, primary constructs and their interrelationships (Lewicka, 2011). While the body of research on home meanings, place attachment, and their relationship to identity processes has grown substantially over the years, progress has developed separately across disciplinary boundaries and epistemological divides (Lewicka, 2011, Manzo, 2005).
Objectives and research hypotheses
This study empirically tested a number of hypotheses rooted in phenomenological descriptions of psychological home as a reflection of one's self-identity and connectedness to a physical environment. Our perspective of self is informed by Belk's seminal article (1988) describing how attachments to people, places, experiences, and possessions are actively incorporated in the creation of “extended selves.” The study objectives were twofold. First, we sought to validate the relationship between
Sample and design
The population of interest was adults with mild to severe issues with clutter. Our decision of focus on this specific population arose from our desire to quantitatively assess the impact of clutter on psychological home and perceptions of well-being. A challenge for researchers wishing to examine clutter's impact is that excessive clutter in the home often goes unnoticed, especially among those most affected by excessive clutter. For example, Frost, Steketee, Tolin, & Renaud (2008) report that
EFA and scale reliability results
Principal component analysis was used to extract the linear composites of observed variables. The initial EFA with the five measurement scales produced 7 factors. Three factors were associated with the original 13 items proposed by Williams and Roggenbuck (1989) to capture two primary dimensions of place attachment as a superordinate construct, place identity and place dependence. After removing five items that cross loaded >0.40, eight items were retained to reflect these two dimensions, four
Discussion
The study reported here examined factors that contribute to, and detract from, the development of home as a place of psychological significance to individuals. Drawing from insights derived from phenomenological perspectives of home and Belk's theory of the extended self, this study verified that possession and place attachments contribute positively to the development of psychological home. A number of scholars have argued that home as a psychological concept is rooted in identity-related
Limitations and future research
This research relied upon a convenience sample of adults who learned about the study from the Institute for Challenging Disorganization (ICD). While this sample frame method helped us to identify individuals with clutter issues, the sample cannot be regarded as representative of the general population of either the U.S. or Canada. It is more accurate to say that the sample is representative of individuals who seek the help of professional organizers. This suggests our respondents had at least
Conclusion
Empirical studies, such as the present, that shed light on how individuals actively construct and experience self-identity through elements in their environment, including both material objects and place resources, present opportunities to more fully understand the potential consequences for subjective well-being that arise from an individual's efforts to construct psychological home. As revealed in this study, sometimes these efforts fail to achieve the desired effect. It is just as important,
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Institute for Challenging Disorganization (ICD) for their assistance with data collection for this study. We also wish to thank the three anonymous reviewers who provided helpful suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper.
References (68)
- et al.
Our possessions, our selves: domains of self-worth and the possession-self link
Journal of Consumer Psychology
(2011) Continuities and discontinuities of place
Journal of Environmental Psychology
(2000)- et al.
The hoarding of possessions
Behaviour Research and Therapy
(1993) - et al.
A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding
Behaviour Research and Therapy
(1996) - et al.
The value of possessions in compulsive hoarding: patterns of use and attachment
Behaviour Research and Therapy
(1995) Meanings of place: everyday experience and theoretical conceptualizations
Journal of Environmental Psychology
(2001)- et al.
Effects of place attachment on users' perceptions of social and environmental conditions in a natural setting
Journal of Environmental Psychology
(2004) Place attachment: how far have we come in the last 40 years?
Journal of Environmental Psychology
(2011)Beyond house and haven: toward a revisioning of emotional relationships with places
Journal of Environmental Psychology
(2003)For better or worse: exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning
Journal of Environmental Psychology
(2005)
Placing home in context
Journal of Environmental Psychology
The prevalence of compulsive hoarding and its association with compulsive buying in a German population- based sample
Behaviour Research and Therapy
Place identity: physical world socialization of the self
Journal of Environmental Psychology
Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior in a community-based sample
Behavior Research and Therapy
Defining place attachment: a tripartite organizing framework
Journal of Environmental Psychology
The meaning of home: an exploratory study of environmental experience
Journal of Environmental Psychology
Place and identity processes
Journal of Environmental Psychology
Place attachment
Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach
Psychological Bulletin
The role and measurement of attachment in consumer behavior
Journal of Consumer Psychology
Possessions and the extended self
Journal of Consumer Research
The ineluctable mysteries of possessions
Journal of Social Behavior and Personality
Attachment to possessions
Dirty little secret: Home chaos and professional organizers
Consumption, Markets and Culture
Family, community and unemployment: a study in change
Sociological Review
Attachment to personal possessions: an interpretive study of the older person's experience
Journal of Interior Design
Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming
Review of house as a mirror of self: exploring the deeper meaning of home
Environment and Behaviour
Getting back into place: Toward a renewed understanding of the place-world
The meaning of things: Domestic symbols and the self
All work and no play: The sociology of work and leisure
The meaning of home: literature review and directions for future research and theoretical development
The Journal of Architectural and Planning Research
The satisfaction with life scale
Journal of Personality Assessment
The place of home
Environmental Philosophy
Cited by (48)
A qualitative study on internal motivations and consequences of consumer upcycling
2022, Journal of Cleaner ProductionIn-home service consumption: A systematic review, integrative framework and future research agenda
2022, Journal of Business ResearchCitation Excerpt :Such factors include the shift from consuming services socially and publicly into a more socially distant/private mode, the lack of (or selected) presence of other consumers (e.g., family members and friends) in the production of in-home services and experiences, firms' access to consumers' intimate and personal space and new norms of employee–customer interactions required during in-home exchanges, and consumers replacing firms in becoming hosts of service exchanges. Practice theory integrated with environmental and sociological perspectives (Roster et al., 2016; Valentine, 1999) may add to the understanding of the above features and address some of the following questions: Under which conditions (situational, market, individual-level) are consumers more prone to switch from consume-out (e.g., dining out) experiences into in-home ones? How does the shift to more private and intimate services (with no presence of other consumers) affect customer satisfaction and spending habits in at-home conspicuous experiences?
Migrant perceptions of psychological home: A scoping review
2022, International Journal of Intercultural RelationsLuxury stores as home-like places: How domestic meanings are staged and mobilized in luxury retail
2021, Journal of Business ResearchHome and the extended-self: Exploring associations between clutter and wellbeing
2021, Journal of Environmental PsychologyCitation Excerpt :Further analysis of the same dataset revealed cultural differences in clutter assessments and impact (Crum & Ferrari, 2019), suggesting that further scrutiny into the subjective-objective clutter experience is warranted. Roster et al. (2016) recommend the use of objective clutter measures to advance scholars understanding of the complex relationships between clutter and wellbeing, which can inform strategies for clutter reduction. In non-clinical populations, every aspect of Seamon's (1979) “at-homeness” (p. 69) becomes compromised when the habit of accumulating possessions expressing self-identity results in the overwhelm described above.
Investigating the restorative potential of women’s home environments
2023, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment