Research paperA new species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the San Juan Islands, Washington State, USA, and insights into the kinorhynch transcriptome☆,☆☆
Introduction
The area around the San Juan Archipelago and Friday Harbor Laboratories in northwest Washington State, USA has a special historical position in kinorhynch research because R.P. Higgins carried out some of his earliest studies on Kinorhyncha in the region. His very first kinorhynch contributions were the descriptions of Echinoderes pennaki Higgins, 1960, Higginsium cataphractus (Higgins, 1961), Pycnophyes ilyocryptus Higgins, 1961, and Pycnophyes sanjuanensis Higgins, 1961, collected at Orcas Island in the San Juan Archipelago (Higgins 1960, 1961). These studies were later followed up by additional descriptions of San Juan kinorhynchs including Echinoderes kozloffi Higgins, 1977 and Pycnophyes parasanjuanensis Adrianov & Higgins, 1996.
The present contribution is also based in meiofaunal studies from the Friday Harbor Laboratories. During a summer zoological course, a new species of Echinoderes was found, and specimens were collected for taxonomic description and transcriptome sequencing. This allows us to describe a new species, belonging to the Echinoderes spinifurca-species group, but also to provide a high quality kinorhynch transcriptome from a single individual of the new species, making data available for future analyses of kinorhynchs and of ecdysozoans.
Section snippets
Sampling and processing
Samples were collected by authors RV and PF from muddy shell hash with a Van Veen grab aboard the vessel Centennial (Friday Harbor Laboratories) on July 7, 2017, at 64 m depth off San Juan Island, Washington State, USA (Reid Rock; 48°32′30″N 122°59′02″W). Additional samples were collected from muddy sediments on July 11, 2017, in the intertidal zone at low tide in Padilla Bay on the mainland near Bay View (48°29′17″N 122°58′57″W). Kinorhynchs were extracted using the ‘bubbling and blot’-method (
Taxonomic account
Class Cyclorhagida (Zelinka 1896) Sørensen et al. 2015.
Order Echinorhagata Sørensen et al. 2015.
Family Echinoderidae Zelinka 1894.
Genus Echinoderes Claparède, 1863.
Echinoderes kohni sp. nov.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DF1F1F6B-95BE-467A-B92B-2A3AF81D0A39.
Discussion
The genus Echinoderes accommodates more than 120 species with the inclusion of the new species described here. Of these only four other continental species are known from the NE Pacific: E. pennaki Higgins, 1960, E. kozloffi Higgins, 1977, Echinoderes hakaiensis Herranz et al., 2017 in Herranz et al., 2018, and Echinoderes ohtsukai Yamasaki & Kajihara, 2012 (Higgins 1960, 1977; Herranz & Leander 2016; Herranz et al. 2018). The latter of these might represent an introduced species (Herranz &
Acknowledgements
RV was supported by the Alan J. Kohn Endowed Fellowship to attend the Marine Invertebrate Zoology course at Friday Harbor Laboratories. We thank Friday Harbor Laboratories faculty, staff, and volunteers for supporting student experiences in marine science, notably Gustav Paulay, Kristy Kull, Derek Smith, and Billie Swalla.
References (36)
- et al.
A transcriptome approach to ecdysozoan phylogeny
Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
(2014) - et al.
Redescription of Echinoderes ohtsukai Yamasaki and Kajihara, 2012 and E. kozloffi Higgins, 1977 from the northeastern Pacific coast, including the first report of a potential invasive species of kinorhynch
Zool. Anz.
(2016) - et al.
Kinorhynch assemblages in the Gulf of Mexico continental shelf collected during a two-year survey
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
(2018) - et al.
Pycnophyes parasanjuanensis, a new kinorhynch (Kinorhyncha: Homalorhagida: Pycnophyidae) from San Juan Island, Washington
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
(1996) - et al.
Cephalorhyncha of the World Ocean
(1999) - et al.
Newly discovered occurrences and gene tree of the extracellular globins and linker chains from the giant hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin in metazoans
Genome Biol. Evol.
(2019) Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Echinoderes Duj. Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser Thiere an der Küste von Normandie angestellt
(1863)- et al.
InterPro in 2017—beyond protein family and domain annotations
Nucleic Acids Res.
(2017) - et al.
Molecular palaeontology illuminates the evolution of ecdysozoan vision
Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.
(2018) - et al.
CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data
Bioinform. Oxf. Engl.
(2012)
Trinity: reconstructing a full-length transcriptome without a genome from RNA-Seq data
Nat. Biotechnol.
Echinoderes hakaiensis sp. nov.: a new mud dragon (Kinorhyncha, Echinoderidae) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean with the redescription of Echinoderes pennaki Higgins, 1960
Mar. Biodiv.
A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha) from Puget Sound
Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc.
Three new homalorhage kinorhynchs from the San Juan Archipelago, Washington
J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.
Three new kinorhynchs from the North Carolina Coast
Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb.
Redescription of Echinoderes dujardinii (Kinorhyncha) with descriptions of closely related species
Smithsonian Contrib. Zool.
MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform
Nucleic Acids Res.
Echinoderes sylviae n. sp. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida), from the Gulf of Mexico, with comparative notes on a similar species Echinoderes spinifurca
Bull. Mar. Sci.
Cited by (5)
Phylogenomic analyses of mud dragons (Kinorhyncha)
2022, Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionCitation Excerpt :3) Determining if distinct segmentation appeared before or after the diversification of kinorhynchs based on the position of the aberrant forms. Eighteen kinorhynch species from fifteen genera (Fig. 1) were sampled for de novo transcriptome sequencing and combined with three publicly available transcriptomes of Echinoderes kohni (Varney et al., 2019), Echinoderes dujardinii (Laumer et al., 2015), and Pycnophyes sp. (Smythe et al., 2019). Each genus is represented by a single species, except for Echinoderes, Pycnophyes and Zelinkaderes that are represented by two to four species each.
Three new meiobenthic species from a submarine cave in Japan: Echinoderes gama, E. kajiharai and E. uozumii (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)
2020, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomEchinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand
2022, European Journal of TaxonomyEchinoderes xiphophorus sp. Nov. – the first deep-water representative of echinoderidae in the sea of japan (kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)
2021, European Journal of Taxonomy
- ☆
This article is registered at www.zoobank.org under urn: lsid:zoobank.org:pub:31D1D0F5-87E5-4778-835F-FAE8B89726CF.
- ☆☆
This article is a part of the Fifth International Scalidophora Workshop special issue published in Zoologischer Anzeiger 282C, 2019.