Nurse supervised combined refeeding and home parenteral nutrition in traumatic intestinal failure: A case series

Highlights • Combined refeeding and home parenteral nutrition in traumatic intestinal failure.• Peritonitis due to abdominal trauma.• Received Hartman’s procedure and jejunostomy.• Parenteral nutrition at home.• Prevent prolonged length of stay at hospital.


Background
Intestinal failure (IF) is defined as a decrease in the intestinal function below the minimum required for the absorption of macronutrients, water, and electrolytes so that intravenous supplements (IVS) are needed to maintain body health and growth [1,2]. Based on the expected onset, metabolic and outcome criteria, IF is classified into: a) type I, is acute, short-term, and often self-limiting; b) type II, acute but prolonged, often occurs in patients who are metabolically unstable, requiring complex multidisciplinary care and intravenous supplementation for several weeks or months; and c) type III, chronic, often occurring in patients who are metabolically stable, usually requiring months or even years of intravenous supplementation, can be recurrent or irreversible [1,3].
Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is a method used to provide nutritional support for patients with intestinal failure [4]. HPN has become the standard of care for intestinal failure type III for decades. This regimen can be administered in the long term through percutaneous intravenous catheters, special pumps and by trained patients or specialized nursing staff [5]. This research work has been reported in line with the PROCESS criteria [6].

Case presentation
We reported two patients, involving young men aged 25 and 14 years who had peritonitis due to blunt abdominal trauma. Patients   went a Hartman procedure and jejunostomy approximately 60 cm from the Treitz ligament. The remnant of small bowel length of both patients are 40 cm and 60 cm, respectively. All patients produced high output jejunostomy (1000-1500 cc) per day and were diagnosed as an intestinal failure with nutritional status subjective global assessment (SGA) C (severe malnutrition). Both patients received home parenteral nutrition (partial parenteral nutrition with oral intake maintained) and supervised jejunostomy refeeding output to distal stoma by trained nurses for three months before finally planned for re-anastomosis. After three months, the nutritional status rose to SGA B. Then both patients underwent jejunal re-anastomosis. The patients were treated for one week in a postoperative hospital. No postoperative complications were seen. At the first and one-year postoperative evaluation, we found no complications ( Figs. 1 and 2).

Discussion
Intestinal failure is a severe complication from conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, mesenteric ischemia, and extensive bowel resection caused by these diseases. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and poor nutritional status manifest as chronic diarrhea or increased ostomy output [9]. IF can occur due to obstruction, dysmotility, surgical resection, congenital defects or diseases related to loss of absorption. IF is characterized by the inability to maintain protein-energy, fluids, the balance of electrolytes and micronutrients [5].
HPN is now a method used to provide nutritional support for patients with intestinal failure [4]. HPN allows patients with IF to stay outside the hospital and meet their nutritional needs. The survival of patients depends mainly on the underlying disease. IF, including HPN-related complications, and associated social restrictions, often lead to psychosocial disorders and reduce the quality of life of the patients [7]. Use of central venous catheter (CVC) also requires special care [8].
The patient's medical needs determine short-term or long-term parenteral nutritional needs. Patients who need short-term parenteral nutrition (2-6 weeks) are those whose bowel function has not returned to normal postoperatively and patients who are severely malnourished before surgery while patients who need it in the long term (months to years, even lifetime) are patients with gastrointestinal and short bowel dysmotility syndrome due to extensive intestinal resection [9].
Subcutaneous fluid administration can be considered in patients with a simple fluid, sodium and/or magnesium deficit where parenteral fluid needs are less than 1 L/day. Placement of the subcutaneous cannula every night (6-10 h) usually allows the administration of at least 500 ml of fluid. In trauma settings, subcutaneous cannula can be used for resuscitation because it is more patent than the peripheral access. Patients should be warned that swelling can occur, but can diminish in the next few hours [10].
After surgery, the patient's stoma usually has high-output. In patients with high-output jejunostomy, fluid correction and electrolyte balance cannot be achieved with enteral feeding without accessible mucosal fistulas or refeeding tubes [11,12].
In addition to jejunostomy, another procedure that is often used to make venting ostomy is an ileostomy and also a gastrostomy. In severe cases, the laparotomy may only be limited through the upper left quadrant incision and create a distal loop of jejunostomy as distal as possible which is still safe to make, serving only to facilitate wound care [13].

Conclusions
In conclusion, nurse supervised home parenteral nutrition showed good results on two cases, with the outcome of improving the nutritional status of the patients from SGA C to SGA B. Patients, also did not experience complications of leakage or postoperative infection, while the digestive function also recovered. This method can be considered as adjunctive therapy for high-output traumatic intestinal failure before undergoing re-anastomosis.

Sources of funding
The authors declare that this study had no funding resource

Ethical approval
The informed consent form was declared that patient data or samples will be used for educational or research purposes. Our institutional review board also do not provide an ethical approval in the form of case report.

Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy