Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using a novel in situ heterojunction yttrium-doped Bi4NbO8Cl@Nb2O5
Graphical abstract
The novel Z-scheme heterojunction yttrium-doped Bi4NbO8Cl@Nb2O5 composites have been prepared successfully. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution can be obtained via this sample with Pt as the co-catalysts using glucose as the sacrificial reagent. When it was irradiated, the electrons on the Bi4NbO8Cl will react with H+ to produce hydrogen and the glucose can be oxidized via the holes on Nb2O5.
Introduction
Past decades have witnessed the increasingly extensive explorations focusing on TiO2 as a promising photocatalyst due to its strong oxidizing ability, low toxicity, low cost, and facile synthesis since it was reported in 1972 [1]. However, TiO2 also has its disadvantages, such as the rapid recombination of the photogenerated carries as well as unable to response to visible light, among the photocatalysis applications [2], [3]. Recently, researchers have made their efforts to quest for novel materials, which can be applied for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, with higher efficiency and activity than TiO2. As a result, a majority of materials, like graphene [4], Cd0.5Zn0.5S [5], C3N4 [6], Bi0.5Y0.5VO4 [7], [8], SrTiO3 [9], for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution have been explored.
The single layer Sillen-Aurivillius perovskite Bi4MO8X (M = V, Nb, Ta; X = F, Cl, Br, I), usually investigated as a series of ferroelectric materials, have ignited the interests of scientists who devoted themselves to photocatalytic water purification [10]. The structures of Bi4MO8X are composed of single-layer MO4 perovskite blocks which are separated by (Bi2O2)2Cl blocks [11]. Several achievements have measured the photocatalytic activities of Bi4MO8X, especially on the removal of organic pollutants. In 2007 Huang's group valued the photocatalytic activity of the Bi4NbO8Cl by the degradation of methyl orange [10], afterwards, Bi4NbO8Br [12], Bi4TaO8Cl [13] and Bi4TaO8I [14] have been fabricated successfully via a solid state reaction method. To improve the photocatalytic performances on the removal of pollutants, hydrothermal method also has been utilized. Bi4NbO8Cl with a hierarchical nanostructure was synthesized by Swetha et al. The mineralization efficiency of 75% for Congo red dye can be achieved evaluated removal of the organic carbon in 80 min [15]. Hu and co-workers applied the Bi4VO8Cl to the degradation of aciclovir, levofloxacin, sulfonamide, adrenaline as well as ribavirin under visible light irradiation [16]. Results showed that all of the drugs can be removed completely during 10 h. Nevertheless, the applications of Bi4MO8X were mainly concentrated on the photodegradation of organic pollutants, especially dyes, until Abe's group, in a creative way, indicated that hydrogen can be generated when Bi4NbO8Cl was irradiated in the methanol aqueous under a Xe lamp [17]. Li and co-workers also found Bi4TaO8Cl can be used for hydrogen evolution under visible light, which made the Bi4MO8X to be a novel promising material for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution [18]. Methanol, which was selected as the sacrificial reagent for hydrogen production in the aforementioned two studies, also can be served as a kind of energy. It needs further research to explore whether utilizing methanol as sacrificial reagent is economically suitable or not. On the other hand, investigating the novel substitute agents which are inexpensive with better performance on the hydrogen generation is a possible method to solve the discussed problems.
Glucose, also used as the sacrificial agents in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], is one of the cheapest carbohydrates as it can be directly produced from cellulose. It is widely accepted that cellulose is one of the rich and sustainable biomass energies of the earth [26]. Quite apart from that, more importantly, glucose also appears in wastewaters from the factories as a contaminant, which is quite normal latterly due to the rapid development of the agro-food industrials [27]. Photocatalysis has potential to be one of the most significantly and promising strategies for hydrogen production due to its clean and inexpensive properties. To improve the photocatalytic efficiency and activity, constructing a direct solid-state Z-scheme heterojunction, which can decrease the recombination rate of the photogenerated electrons and holes, has been proved to be a possible method. Z-scheme photocatalytic systems provoked the interests of scientists due to it can solve the problem of the traditional Type II heterojunction [28], which has the same band alignment while with an opposite tendency of charge transfer. The photogenerated electrons, which existed on the semiconductor with lower conduction band position, will be coupled with the holes on another semiconductor of a higher valence band potential. Electrons and holes, meanwhile, can be preserved and still posses the redox ability on the two semiconductors, respectively. Meanwhile, efficient charge separation and strong redox ability can be acquired via the heterostructures of Z-scheme.
Y2O3 has a strong effect on density and grain shape as well as unable to absorb the light of wavelength between 230 nm and 800 nm [29], [30]. Our previous achievements manifested that the hybridization on the orbital will be occurred when bismuth and yttrium constituted for the solid solution, which could be beneficial for elevating the CB position of the photocatalysts [7], [8]. In the present work, the induced in situ direct solid-state Z-scheme heterojunction Y-doped Bi4NbO8Cl@Nb2O5 photocatalysts have been fabricated successfully through its inductive action. Photocatalytic activity evaluation showed that hydrogen can be collected via these photocatalysts from photoreforming of the glucose. It also can be concluded that Y-doped Bi4NbO8Cl@Nb2O5 with an in situ direct solid-state Z-scheme heterojunction structure was beneficial for hydrogen generation.
Section snippets
Materials
Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O), potassium chloride (KCl), bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), niobium oxide (Nb2O5), anhydrous glucose (C6H12O6) and chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (H2PtCl6·6H2O) were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All of the reagents were analytic graded and used as received without further purification. Ultrapure water was also used all over the experiments.
Synthesis of photocatalysts
Typically, BiOCl was prepared via a hydrothermal method
Structure analysis
The purity and phase of the samples were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra. As shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b), peaks of pristine Bi4NbO8Cl were well indexed to the diffraction planes as reported previously (JCPDS 84-0843) [10]. The main peak of (116) facets at 29.6° changed to 30.1° after yttrium doped as well as the intensity became weaker with the rise of yttrium amount. The occurrence of new peaks can be ascribed to the Y2O3 and Nb2O5, as detailed in Fig. 1(c). It
Conclusion
In summary, a series of novel in situ Z-scheme heterojunction structure materials, Y-doped Bi4NbO8Cl@Nb2O5, have been prepared successfully via a solid state method. Photocatalytic activity evaluation showed that hydrogen can be collected via these photocatalysts from photoreforming of the glucose. It can be described that BiY3NbO8Cl gained the best performance, under the simulated sunlight (λ > 300 nm) as well as Bi2Y2NbO8Cl showed the highest rate when a filter cutoff (λ > 380 nm) was
Acknowledgement
We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21773153) and the National Key Basic Research and Development Program (2009CN220000) for the financial support.
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