Multidimensional analysis of road traffic noise and probable public health hazards in Barisal city corporation, Bangladesh

Noise pollution is a major challenge in urban contexts all around the world. The study was designed to assess road traffic noise pollution with possible health effects on those living in the study region. The IDW spatial interpolation approach and an ArcGIS-based evaluation were used to map the recorded noise levels in the research region. The noise descriptors including Noise Climate (NC), Traffic Noise Index (TNI), Equivalent Noise Level (Leq), and Noise Pollution Level (NPL) were computed. The required information has been collected through a questionnaire survey and previously published documents. The study reveals that the current noise level is higher than the recommended national threshold at every location. According to the study, the Nathullabad region had the highest level of noise pollution (86.5 dBA), while the Kaunia Abasik area had the lowest level (67.8 dBA). Study findings also show that in the area context, the highest levels of noise pollution are found in commercial areas (82 dBA), followed by industrial areas (80.4 dBA),mixed areas (81.3 dBA), and residential areas (72.7 dBA). The lowest level is found in sensitive areas (72.5 dBA). Statistical analyses, including one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD post-hoc and LSD post-hoc test results, showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the noise pollution levels (NPL) in the morning, noon, and evening shifts. The results showed that 32 % of respondents stated they felt disturbed while working, and 27% of respondents said it was somewhat sensitive for them. As the last step in minimizing noise pollution in the research area, 37 % of respondents reported enforcing the regulations, 31% suggested making hydraulic horns illegally, and 21 % suggested raising public awareness. This study may contribute to academic knowledge and assist decision-makers of government officials in formulating appropriate local strategies to deal with this grave environmental problem.


Introduction
An important environmental problem that affects urban dwellers is road traffic noise pollution.The word "Noise" comes from the Latin word nausea, which denotes seasickness [1].The term "noise" is often used to describe an overly loud or disturbing sound that disturbs quiet.When the loudness reaches an unbearable level, it can be referred to as "noise pollution" in the atmosphere [1].In the modern world, noise is recognized as one of the major environmental pollutants and serious health hazard which can come from a variety of sources [2].Road traffic [3,4] railway traffic [5], construction industrial activities [6], crowded urban roads and miking [7] are the main sources of this type of noise exposure.
Worker stress levels and productivity may be affected by noise.It may also irritate and harm their hearing at high noise levels [8].According to research results, noise levels above 60 dBA can influence a person's physical and mental health [9].Noise is hazardous to public health [2,10,11].Several pieces of research have revealed that noise has negative effects on people's health who reside in major City Corporation areas [4,12].It can cause headaches, insomnia, psychiatric disorders, lack of focus, hearing loss, learning difficulties, stroke, and hypertension as well as lower quality of life [12].At the same time, we have studied the noise pollution in the city corporation area.To uncover detailed information about Road Traffic Noise, and Probable Health Hazards on Adjacent Residents in this area.
GIS is now widely employed in research for various applications [11,13].In some research, traffic noise maps are developed for the study area during day and night using various multidimensional analyses, GIS, and GPS [11,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].A more precise evaluation of noise pollution is made possible by the use of noise mapping [16][17][18].The distribution of traffic noise is intuitively shown on the noise maps, which is useful for assessing traffic noise pollution.In some research [16,21], three to four noise maps depicting the morning, midday, evening, and night of the study region were shown, and the study area was separated into various area types for noise pollution evaluation.In certain studies, the study area's noise map is created using interpolation of monitoring data from noise monitoring stations or manually gathered data, and the traffic noise pollution is assessed using the equivalent sound pressure of day or night [17,22,23].A useful tool for measuring noise in urban areas is noise mapping, which is a graphic representation of the noise level distribution in a specific area.Additionally, it helps in the representation of noise distributions in areas with a lot of land uses that are susceptible to noise.It helps with planning to decrease the effects of noise pollution [24,25].
Barisal City Corporation is a developing area, where the amount of noise pollution is increasing day by day because of an increasing number of vehicles and hydraulic horns.The study was carried out to quantify noise pollution, inspired by the study conducted in other city corporation areas of Bangladesh [26,27].Therefore, this research must be carried out to monitor the level of road traffic noise from noise-making sources and potential health risks to the adjacent population in the study region.It might advance academic understanding and assist policymakers in formulating solutions to deal with this important environmental problem locally.
Several pieces of research work can be found using Multidimensional Analysis [13,28,29].A recent study provided statistical evidence to support the potential health risk associated with road traffic noise pollution and issued a warning when it surpassed the level that is safe for human health [30].Barisal City Corporation is a developing area.Day by day the number of vehicles here is increasing which is visible.No research on noise pollution has been organized in this area before.Therefore, we assume that the amount of noise pollution in the area will be high and people are already suffering.So, considering the above reasons we conducted the said new study.This study did not consider any medical devices to evaluate the health of Barisal City individuals who lived close to the noisy road.Additional research is required to validate the true health issue resulting from noise pollution.The research attempts to evaluate noise pollution in Barisal City Corporation by measuring noise pollution levels at several locations.It also provides an idea concerning the perception of the respondents toward noise pollution as well as their health condition together with the solutions for reducing noise pollution at traffic junctions in Barishal City Corporation, Bangladesh.

Framework of the study
This section presents the conceptual framework of the methodologies for the study.

Study area
Due to traffic, recreational, religious, and other activities, it was discovered that the main roads and traffic intersections had become congested and noisy locations in the Barisal City Corporation.For this reason, 29 locations were randomly chosen for the study.Table 1 and Fig. 1 presents all the selected locations that fall in different zones.

Sampling procedure
The primary data for this study were gathered using a probability selective sampling method based on a random selection of the research locations in each traffic intersection, a reconnaissance study was conducted to acquire precise data on the research region.Secondary data was acquired from a variety of sources such as various books and published articles.A structured questionnaire was used for the initial survey which was rather simple to read on a technical level Examining the health concerns associated with noise at traffic intersections can reveal their perception regarding how individuals feel about the issue.A simple random sampling process is used to collect the required data to perform the questionnaire survey.400 respondents were chosen from different ages people including students, traffic police, street hawkers, shopkeepers, drivers, and passengers who were directly exposed to noise.The questionnaire asks about the respondents' racial and ethnic backgrounds, the main causes of noise pollution in those places, the effects of noise pollution on respondents' health, the many issues that noise pollution caused them, and potential solutions.It was conducted for three months (February, March, and April of 2023).

Data collection and materials
The IEC 651, type II standard-compliant precision grade Sound Level Meter DT-8850, with a low (35-100) dBA, high (65-130) dBA measuring range, and 0.1 dBA resolution, was the instrumentation used for the field measurements.The instrument has a 94 dBA builtin calibration check.The device was held pleasantly in the hand, with the microphone aimed at the possible source of noise at a height of about 1.5 m above the ground and more than 1m from the noise source, such as vehicles [26].The apparatus was calibrated to A-weighting to generalize noise levels before doing measurements.
The research area's longitude and latitude were measured using a Global Positioning System (GPS) device (Model: Garmin etrex-20).All the instruments comply with IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standards.The mapping of noise pollution in this research was done using Arc GIS 10.5 software.The questionnaire survey was conducted by Google form.The photographs taken during the research area's noise level monitoring at various shifts during the day are shown in Fig. 2(a, b, c, d, e, and f).

Data processing, analysis, and interpretation
The study has been conducted employing multidimensional analysis [23,24].It helps to comprehend the present state of noise pollution in that area.Multiple descriptors were used to compute noise pollution levels in various locations in addition to GIS-based noise mapping.The statistical analysis explores the idea that noise pollution levels (NPL) vary depending on the morning, noon, and nighttime work shifts of the day and to pinpoint any noteworthy variations.As stated in the current objectives, all collected data were arranged, categorized, and reviewed before being processed for statistical analysis utilizing IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and Microsoft Excel of the Office 2021 version.
To calculate the average noise pressure level Lp dBA, and equivalent continuous equal energy level, Leq dBA, equations ( 1) and (2) were utilized [28].Lp dBA represents the averge sound pressure level and is a measure of the intensity of sound in each environment.It is commonly used to quantify and compare the loudness of different sounds, including environmental noise [26,29].
NPL dBA refers to the overall level of noise pollution in a specific area.It represents the average or equivalent continuous noise level that has been present at a particular location over a given period.NPL is a fundamental parameter used to evaluate the general noise environment in an area and assess its potential impact on human health and well-being [29].
Leq is a time-weighted average of sound levels over a specific period, typically measured in decibels dBA, which is utilized in equation (3).It represents the steady, continuous noise level that would produce the same energy as the fluctuating or intermittent noise over the same period.Leq is commonly used to assess and compare noise exposure levels over an extended time frame.It is a key descriptor of discomfort caused by any type of fluctuating noise level, such as the noise from vehicles passing by, over a particular period [29].
Traffic noise unpleasantness is indicated by the Noise Climate (NC) dBA [23].The difference between the peak noise and background noise level in each area increases with the magnitude of noise climate (NC).The range of sound levels that change over a particular period is known as the noise climate, and it is calculated using the relation shown in equation ( 4) [29].
Traffic noise variation is shown by the traffic noise index (TNI) dBA, which gauges human annoyance behavior.It shows the general changes in noise levels over time as well as the disarray of traffic noise levels.Equation ( 5) can be used to determine the Traffic Noise Index (TNI) dBA [12,29].
All the column charts show the indicated error bars with respect to the standard deviation of the NPL values [4].

Noise mapping
Noise mapping is one of the most contemporary methods of measuring noise levels.Using ArcGIS 10.5 software [30], the Barisal City Corporation noise map was produced for this investigation.The software employs the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation technique.IDW produces good results when multiple elevation points are distributed uniformly across a region.When using the IDW Interpolation approach [23], all data collected from noise sources and the distances between them are taken into consideration.The three times of the day's acoustics in the area were measured using this technique to determine their geographical distribution and range [12,26].The method chosen for the measurements was determined by examining many similar studies in scientific literature.When these studies are investigated, it is seen that similar measurement methods and measurement periods are used [3,[16][17][18][19][20][31][32][33][34].

Statistical analysis
The homogeneity of variance (Levene's Test) and normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov a and Shapiro-Wilk tests) assumptions were applied.To determine whether there is a significant difference in noise pollution levels (NPL) between the morning, noon, and evening shifts of the day, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey HSD and LSD post-hoc test was carried out in this study.The morning, noon, and evening shifts of the day were the fixed factors for the ANOVA, and the noise pollution level (NPL) was the dependent variable.As a result, the alternative hypothesis (H 1 ) suggests that the effects of the NPL are not equivalent for at least one of the two shifts, whereas the null hypothesis (H 0 ) suggests that the effects of the NPL are similar for all day shifts.The null hypothesis is considered to be retained if the produced p value is greater than the significance level (0.05) [35,36].To confirm the validity and the visualization of the public response questionnaire, a reliability test was also performed.

Zone-specific noise measurement
In the commercial zone of the Barisal City Corporation Port Road area, it can be shown that the maximum noise level recorded in Fig. 3. Daytime sound pressure levels in the Commercial zone.
R. Islam et al. the morning (91.80 dBA).Additionally, the Notun Bazar region had also the highest minimum noise level (78.7 dBA) in the evening (Fig. 3).
Fig. 4 shows that the Sonargaon Textile industrial zone recorded the highest maximum noise level (90.5 dBA) during the noon shift, whereas the evening noise level was found to be the lowest (70 dBA) on a minimum scale.
From Fig. 5, the sensitive zone of the Barisal City Corporation Sadar Hospital area had a maximum noise level of 91.7 dBA during the evening.Additionally, the Sher-E-Bangla Medical area had the highest minimum noise level in the morning 76.29 dBA.whereas the Rahat Anwar Hospital area had the lowest noise level (70 dBA) in the evening on a minimum scale (Fig. 5).
The maximum noise level recorded at noon for the Brown compound region (Residential zone) is 86.2 dBA.The Kaunia Abasik area had the lowest noise level (57.3 dBA) at noon. (Fig. 6).Fig. 7 displays that the maximum noise level recorded in the evening for the mixed zone of Barisal City Corporation (Notullabadh region) is 97.98 dBA.The lowest noise level was 69.5 dBA in the Sagardi Bridge area at noon.

Zone-wise comparison of noise level with acceptable limits
The sensitive areas had the lowest average noise level (72.50 dBA), which was over the permitted limit, while the commercial areas had the highest average noise level (81.92 dBA) (Fig. 8).
The NPL and Leq in commercial areas in the research region ranged from 92.2 to 112.0 dBA and 81.7 to 89.2 dBA, respectively.The Bangla bazar zone recorded the lowest NPL (92.2 dBA) at noon, whereas the port road region recorded the highest NPL (112.0 dBA) in the morning (Table 2).The Bangla bazar zone had the lowest NPL (92.2 dBA) around noon, while the port road region recorded the highest NPL (112.0 dBA).(Table 2).The highest average daytime Leq and NPL in the sensitive zone were discovered at BM College (84.57dBA) and Sher-E-Bangla Medical College (98.46 dBA).In the commercial zone, Notun Bazar (86.5 dBA) and Port Road (104.06 dBA) had the highest average daytime Leq and NPL respectively.The highest average daytime Leq (89.96 dBA) and NPL (109.03 dBA) in the mixed zone were both discovered at Nothullabad The highest average daytime Leq (89.96 dBA) and NPL (109.03 dBA) among the mixed zones were discovered at Nothullabad.Monsi Garaze had the highest average daytime Leq (79.76 dBA) and NPL (97.3 dBA) among the residential zones.Reneta Group (83.4 dBA) and Zailkhana Mor (99.53 dBA) among the industrial zones had the highest average daytime Leq and NPL (Table 2).
According to calculated Leq, the categorization obtained in decline order is as follows: commercial zone > mixed zone > industrial zone > sensitive zone > residential zone.Additionally, for NPL the sequence can be observed for daytime: commercial zone > industrial zone > mixed zone > sensitive zone > residential zone Table 2.

Measurement of daytime community noise level
Noise level parameters reported in Table 2 display the daytime community noise descriptors levels L 10 dBA, L 50 dBA, and L 90 dBA.Here L 10 represents the noise level that is exceeded 10 % of the time.In other words, 90 % of the time, the noise level is lower than the L 10 value.L 10 is often associated with short-term, sporadic noise events that may occur relatively frequently.L 50 represents the noise level that is exceeded 50 % of the time, or the median noise level.It indicates the point at which half of the noise measurements are below the L 50 value and half are above it.L 50 provides a good representation of the typical noise conditions in the area.L 90 represents the noise level that is exceeded 90 % of the time.It indicates the higher range of noise levels that occur less frequently.L 90 is often associated with more constant or continuous noise sources that may not occur as frequently as those represented by L 10 [37].
Table 2 indicates a comprehensive overview of noise descriptors at specific sites within Barisal City Corporation, with data Fig. 4. Daytime sound pressure levels in the Industrial zone.
R. Islam et al. collected during morning, noon, and evening shifts.These sites encompass a diverse range of establishments, including hospitals, colleges, mosques, schools, and other public areas.Through a thorough analysis of the information presented in Table 2, a clear understanding of the noise characteristics and fluctuations in different regions of Barisal City at various times of the day emerges.This critical data enables the assessment of noise pollution levels, the identification of potential noise hotspots, and the formulation of effective noise control strategies to enhance the well-being and comfort of the city's residents.

Noise mapping
Noise mapping which shows the distribution of sound levels in a specific area graphically, is an effective way to measure noise in City Corporation environments.Additionally, the spatial variation mapping of noise levels for the morning, afternoon, and evening hours in Barisal City Corporation is depicted in Fig. 9 (a, b, c) respectively.
There are six different colors on the map in Fig. 9 (a), each one denoting a different level of noise pollution (NPL) in the morning shift.Only the Kaunia residential area's noise levels ranged from 66.32 to 69.37 (blue color).The light green hue denotes noise levels between 72.43 and 75.47, while the green color represents noise levels between 69.38 and 72.42.Within this pale green spectrum is where the South Alek residential area is located.Sonargoan Textile, Rupatoli Housing, Choumatha, Police Line, Rahat Anwar Hospital, Brown Compound, Munsi Garaze Abask, Bibir Pukur Par, Nagar Bhavan, Town Hall, and Jailkhana Mor are just a few of the notable locations that fall within the range between 75.48 and 78.52 (yellow color).On the map, noise levels ranging from 78.53 to 81.57 are depicted in orange color.This orange spectrum includes coverage for ten prominent locations including Sagordi Bridge, Reneta Group, Nooria High School, Bangla Bazaar, Barisal Zilla School, Lonch Ghat, Peter Church, Jame Kosai Mosque, Opsonine Saline Industry, Sadar Hospital, and BM College.The final sign of a high sound level is a red star, which appears when the noise level is between 81.58 and 84.62 dB.Govt.Visually Impaired School, Sher-E-Bangla Medical, Port Road, Notun Bazar, and Notullabad are among the  Visually Impaired Schools, Rahat Anwar Hospital, Barisal Zilla School, Bibir Pukur Par, Jeilkhana Mor, and Munsi Garaze Abasik are a few significant localities in this range.Sonargaon Textile, Sher-E Bangla Medical, Chowmatha, Notun Bazar, and Nathullabad are further areas with comparable noise levels.
The map's orange tint represents noise levels between 79.87 dBA and 81.94 dBA.Notable areas within this range include Bangla Bazar, Police Line, Lonch Ghat, Nagar Bhaban, Port Road, Opsonine Saline Industry, Sadar Hospital, Town Hall, and BM College.Finally, Sonargaon Textile, Sher-E Bangla Medical, Choumatha, Notun Bazar, and Nothullabad all fall inside the red color band, which denotes the maximum noise intensity.
The map in Fig. 9 (c) displays six colors to show different noise pollution levels (NPL).Rupatoli Housing, South Alekanda, Brown Compound, and Kaunia Abassik are all included in the blue (68.55    A one-way between-group analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to examine the effect of noise pollution level (NPL) on different daytime.Examining the results of the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnova tests revealed that, the assumption of normality for the dependent variable (NPL) was not violated for morning and evening but for noon it was violated.Since the Levene statistic (f (2, 84) = 2.018, p = 0.139) was non-significant, thus the assumption test of Homogeneity of variances can be assumed.The ANOVA results (Table 3) show that for the three shifts (morning, noon, and evening), there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the NPL values: F (2, 84) = 0.340, p = 00.713> 0.05.Using eta squared, the effect size (0.00803) was determined.
The post-hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test and LSD test results confirm the ANOVA findings.Tukey HSD test and LSD test indicated that the mean scores for morning, noon, and evening shifts did not differ significantly from each other (Table 4).

Public perception
Figs. 10 and 11 display the general noise pollution level status and the effect of it on the respondents.The findings of reliability test are displayed in Table 5 and 6. 4 % of the respondents indicated that the noise pollution in the Barisal City Corporation region was not sensitive, and 27 % reported that it was moderately sensitive.According to the research, noise pollution had the greatest impact on people's daily activities that were related to their daily work, followed by sleeping, education, watching television, thinking, etc Fig. 10 and 11.
Headaches, hypertension, Sleeping, and irritation were the effects of noise pollution on people that occur most frequently (Fig. 12).
When asked what actions should be taken to reduce noise pollution the majority (37 %) of respondents said that the law should be enforced, then those hydraulic horns should be banned (31 %) and finally that public awareness should be increased (28 %) (Fig. 12).

Discussion
The findings of this study corroborate existing literature on the significance and methodology of noise mapping in urban environments.Noise pollution is a serious problem in urban settings, including the Barisal City Corporation area.The analysis shows that every zone's current daytime noise level exceeded the permissible or acceptable limits specified by DoE, WHO, EC, and US, EPA (Fig. 8) [36][37][38].Numerous studies were conducted in Bangladesh to evaluate noise levels and their impacts on human health, and it was discovered that the noise level exceeded the generally accepted permitted noise level [4,[39][40][41][42][43].The study reveals that the present noise level in all the locations exceeds the prescribed limit.The results show that the current noise levels in every place are higher than the permitted level for Bangladesh.
The population in this area is subjected to a high noise level, which is mostly brought on by traffic.In many cities in Bangladesh, the values of various noise parameters L 10 , L 90 , L 50 , NC, TNI, Leq, and NPL also increased [43,44].This study also identified that at each location, all these values increased.This study also depicts that all these values became high at each location and the noise pollution level (Lnp) varied between 75.6 dB(A) to 116 dB(A) (Table 2).Compared to other zones, the commercial zone has a considerably greater noise level.Numerous studies have supported this view.The most problematic zone in Rajshahi, Bangladesh, was the commercial area, where the greatest noise level was 107.3 dBA [17].According to different research conducted in Bangladesh obtained similar type results Joydebpur Junction had the greatest average noise level (100.9 dBA), while the Bangabandhu Satellite Ground Station had the lowest average noise level (47.5 dBA) [18].
These findings align with the literature that emphasizes the role of traffic, commercial activities, and urban infrastructure in elevating noise levels in city environments.The study highlights those areas with dense traffic and commercial activities, such as Sagordi Bridge, Reneta Group, and major medical facilities, consistently exhibit higher noise levels throughout the day.This is consistent with the observations in literature that noise levels vary with location and time of day due to traffic volume, vehicle horns, and other urban activities.
Noise levels are also above the permissible limits prescribed by the WHO.In a study in Chandigarh, India, up to 80 dB noise level was measured at the emergency and around.About 74 % of the total hospital patients said that they have irritation due to loud noise, 40 % reported a headache, 29 % reported a loss of sleep and 8 % reported hypertension [45][46][47][48][49]. Numerous health problems, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, ear problems, and sleeping disorders, can be brought on by excessive noise in a community [9,50,51].Long-term noise exposure may have detrimental health impacts, such as irritation, sleep difficulties, learning impairment, cardiovascular disorders, hearing loss, and tinnitus [27,52].World Health Organization (WHO) states that noise levels of 60 dBA and 100 dBA can separately result in temporary deafness and full defect.WHO also reported that more than 5 % of people worldwide experience hearing impairment.This study also found several negative impacts on human health, including headaches, hypertension, lack of sleep, and irritability according to the perception of the respondents.This research report that Barisal City Corporation is becoming more and more polluted by noise.It is also advised that to lower the risk of noise pollution, people should be made more aware of its effects, and government agencies should put in place efficient noise control measures.The health implications of noise pollution, well-documented in the literature, are also evident in the study's findings.Excessive noise levels, particularly in areas with critical infrastructure like hospitals and schools, pose significant risks to the cardiovascular health, hearing, and overall well-being of residents [53][54][55][56][57][58].This study reinforces the need for targeted noise mitigation strategies in high-risk areas to protect public health, aligning with global standards and recommendations such as those from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) [59][60][61][62][63].
Noise mapping, as established, is a powerful tool for visualizing and assessing noise pollution levels across different areas of a city [64,65].This study's detailed noise maps for Barisal City Corporation during morning, afternoon, and evening shifts vividly illustrate the spatial distribution of noise pollution, facilitating a deeper understanding of how noise levels fluctuate throughout the day in various city sectors.The morning noise map (Fig. 9a) reveals that the Kaunia residential area experiences the lowest noise levels (66.32-69.37dBA), while the highest levels are found in areas such as Govt.Visually Impaired School and Sher-E-Bangla Medical, where noise levels range from 81.58 to 84.62 dBA.The afternoon noise map (Fig. 9b) shows a shift in noise pollution distribution, with R. Islam et al. the lowest levels (66.5-72.55dBA) still in residential areas but the highest levels (79.87-81.94dBA) spreading to commercial zones such as Bangla Bazar and Lonch Ghat.The evening noise map (Fig. 9c) indicates a slight increase in overall noise levels, with the lowest levels (68.55-74.03dBA) still in residential zones and the highest levels (81.78-85.83dBA) now covering critical areas like Sadar Hospital and BM College.
The European Parliament's Directive 2002/49/EC mandates the creation of noise maps for cities with populations exceeding 250,000 to manage and mitigate environmental noise pollution [66].Although Barisal City Corporation has a smaller population, the methodology and findings of this study underscore the importance of such measures for smaller urban centers as well.The use of ArcGIS 10.8 software with the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method provided reliable noise maps, supporting literature that endorses IDW for its accuracy in handling large and uniformly distributed data points [16,17].This study's noise

Conclusion
This study demonstrated that noise pollution is a substantial issue in Barisal City Corporation.According to the DoE, WHO, and US EPA, noise pollution is exceedingly generally considered safe levels in all zones (commercial, mixed, industrial, residential, and sensitive), endangering the health and well-being of the local population.ArcGIS-based evaluation and the IDW spatial interpolation technique display the greater noise pollution level in each site.According to the study, the Nathullabad region had the highest level of noise pollution (86.5 dBA), while the Kaunia Abasik area had the lowest level (67.8 dBA).The respondents verbally suggest that action be taken to lessen noise pollution in the city and to increase public awareness of the problem. he recommended mitigating strategies, which include education, administrative actions, and law enforcement, are all crucial stages in lowering noise pollution and raising the standard of living for Barisal City Corporation citizens.

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Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Daytime sound pressure levels in the Sensitive zone.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Daytime sound pressure levels in the Residential zone.

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7. Daytime sound pressure levels in the Mixed zone.

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8.Comparison of sound pressure level with standard values by zone.

Fig. 9 .
Fig. 9. Mapping of the spatial variation in noise levels in the morning (a), at noon (b), and in the evening (c) in Barisal City Corporation.

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Fig. 11 .
Fig. 11.Effects of noise pollution on individual activities.

Fig. 12 .
Fig. 12. Non-auditory health impact of noise pollution and Action measures for controlling noise pollution.

DoE=
Department of Environment, WHO = World Health Organization, EC = European Commission, U. S. (E.P. A) = United States (Environmental Protection Agency) GIS = Geographic Information System [18].

Table 1
Geographical location of the study area.

Table 2
Calculated day-time Noise level parameters for three shifts at 29 locations in Barisal City corporation including L 90 dBA, L 50 dBA, L 10 dBA, Equivalent noise level (Leq), Noise Climate (NC) Noise Pollution level (NPL) and Traffic Noise Index (TNI).

Table 3
One-way ANOVA test of NPL in different shifts of daytime.

Table 4
Tukey and LSD posthoc test of NPL in different shifts of daytime on working and holidays.

Table 5
Reliability Statistics of the public responses.

Table 6
Item Statistics of the public responses.