Effects of nanostructured zeolite and aflatoxin B1 in growth performance, immune parameters and pathological conditions of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.021

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

Volume 70, November 2017, Pages 648-655

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.021 Get rights and content

Highlights

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The effectiveness of Nanostructured Zeolite (NZ) on reduction of Aflatoxin B₁ in juvenile rainbow trout was evaluated.
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Growth parameters were not changed but some immunological parameters affected by using dietary NZ.
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0.5% dietary NZ showed the effect on physiological functions in rainbow trout.

Abstract

The reduction of Aflatoxin B₁ (AF) in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet was analyzed after supplementing Nanostructured Zeolite (NZ) in a 56-day experiment. Two hundred and seventy juveniles with an average weight of 23 ± 3.7 g were placed in 6 different groups of C (control as a basal diet), NZ_0.5 (basal diet + 0.5% NZ), NZ₁ (basal diet + 1% NZ), AF₅ (basal diet + 5 mg AFB₁), AF₅ NZ_0.5 (basal diet + 5 mg AFB₁ + 0.5% NZ), AF₅ NZ₁ (basal diet + 5 mg AFB₁ + 1% NZ) with three replications and were fed four times a day based on their satiation. No significant differences were observed in terms of growth performance among the experimental groups (P > 0.05). However, hepatosomatic index in fish fed by AF₅ NZ_0.5 was reduced compared with NZ_0.5 group (P < 0.05). The carcass moisture content showed a higher amount in treatment AF₅ NZ_0.5 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). There was a decrease in fat content in treatment AF₅ compared to that of the control group (P < 0.05). Serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels in fish fed with aflatoxin were lower than in fish fed the diet without AF for all levels of NZ (P < 0.05); however, the interaction between AF and NZ was not significant (P > 0.05). Concentrations of C₃, C₄ and immunoglobulin M together with serum lysozyme activity showed no significant differences among all treatments (P > 0.05). No considerable histopathological lesions were observed in liver, kidney and spleen for all treatments. Based on the results, NZ showed some effects on physiological functions in juvenile rainbow trout fed by 0.5% dietary NZ which could improve performance in this species.

Introduction

Aquaculture, which is considered one of the most important and developing industries, is of great economic importance, as more than 300 different species of fish are farmed, among which rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is the most important, due to its simple breeding and farming techniques and also its high demand by consumers worldwide [1]. Food supply has always played an important role in aquaculture as it accounts for half of the production costs in rainbow trout farming. Replacement of fish meal with plant protein sources could be considered one of the most practical strategies in cost reduction in this industry; though, the use of grain proteins could pose some risks as it may increase the amounts of fungi and pesticides in fish diet. These toxins like aflatoxins could contaminate agricultural products in different stages, like growing, harvesting, storing or processing [2]. In aquaculture, due to use of vegetable ingredients in the diet, food contamination by mycotoxins is a limitation of vegetable replacement and therefore is a risk to fish health [3].

In spite of all preventive measures, food contamination might be unavoidable and hence, use of some chemicals to detoxify these toxins is necessary. Some of these chemical additives which are also called chemical absorbents are added to the animals' diet, like “hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate” which is considered a type of zeolite which could prevent the absorption of aflatoxin molecules by binding in the animals' digestive tract [4]. Zeolite has antimicrobial and antifungal functions in the digestive tract of aquatic animals' and also helps reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin in fish diet and hence, could indirectly improve growth rate and survival in aquatic animals due to improvement in nutrition absorption and food efficiency [5]. Based on the previous experiment, the ability of some types of artificial zeolite (CaA, NaA, NaY, NaX) to absorb Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) has been analyzed and the results showed that they are capable of absorbing AFB₁ up to 90% in vitro [6]. As zeolite binding ability to mycotoxins has been already approved [7], [8], [9], through applying this material in nano scales, the effect of nanostructured zeolite (NZ) on controlling these toxins and their productive microorganisms could also be analyzed.

The ability of NZ and the absorption of aflatoxin and their uses in aquaculture has been analyzed in different studies. For instance, Puzyr et al. [10] analyzed the modified nano diamond effect on AFB₁ absorption. According to their results, the amount of AFB₁ absorption could be 60% in vitro. Absorption of AFB₁ by gold nanoparticles was corroborated by Sharma et al. [11]. Also, Shabani et al. [12] showed that using NZ in broiler diet can reduce their aflatoxin infection.

Knowing the positive association between a healthy aquatic diet and human health is necessary to consider the production of an appropriate diet as an important chain in human food production. In this study, preventive effect of NZ on AFB₁ in rainbow trout diet has been analyzed and factors like body composition, innate immunity and pathological impacts in this fish were measured through different treatments.

Section snippets

Fish and rearing condition

In this study, 300 juvenile rainbow trouts were obtained from Dornab Rainbow Trout Farm (Ghaleh Roudkhan, Guilan, Iran) and transferred to experiment site at the Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan (Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran). For adaption to farming conditions, the transferred fish were kept in two fiberglass tanks each with 2000 l capacity, for 12 days and were fed based on their satiation, with a control diet four times a day.

After the end of the acclimation period, 270

Growth performance

Growth indices in rainbow trout fed diets with different levels of AFB₁ and NZ are shown in Table 2. No significant differences were observed in growth indices (FW, WG, BWI, SGR, FCR and CF) in different treatments (P > 0.05). Different levels of AFB₁ and NZ showed no significant effect on HSI at the end of the rearing period (P > 0.05), while it was reduced (P < 0.05) for the treatment with AFB₁combined with 0.5% NZ compared to the diet without NZ. However, the interaction of AFB₁ and NZ did

Discussion

In this study, growth indices in fish fed by NZ_0.5, NZ₁ and AF₅ NZ₁ showed advantages compared to control, AF₅ and AF₅ NZ_0.5. However, no significant differences were observed among treatments which show that AFB₁ level up to 5 mg kg⁻¹ in diet cannot reduce growth in juvenile rainbow trout through an 8 weeks rearing period. The 56-day experiment could be too short; according to Deng [24] no toxic effects are shown in tilapia during the first ten weeks of AF feeding, while Tuan et al. [25]

Acknowledgments

The authors express their sincere gratitude to the Institute of Technical & Vocational Higher Education, staff in the Faculty of Natural Resources in University of Guilan, Iran Nanotechnology Development Center and Dr. Mehdi Razzaghi Abyaneh, the head of Mycology Department at the Pasteur Institute of Iran. The cooperation of M. Mohamadi-Barsari, M. Mousapour, Z. Habibi, K. Delafkar, F. Tari, S. Shirvan, F. Jafari and O. Bagherpour during the execution of the project and in tough conditions is

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However, our results revealed that dietary exposure to AFB1 and ZEN significantly resulted in serum ACH50. Similarly, Alinezhad et al. (2017) and Ghafarifarsani et al. (2021) reported an increase in serum ACH50 in fish exposed to 5 ppm and 50 ppb AFB1, respectively. Such contradictory results might be attributed the duration of exposure and experimental conditions which might affect animal physiological responses (Marchioro et al., 2013).
Although several studies have reported co-occurrence of mycotoxins in fish feed limited information is available on the physiological effects. In the current study, the single and combined effect of added dietary AFB₁ and ZEN in various concentrations for 60 days was tested in rainbow trout on growth parameters, mortality, intestinal digestive enzymes activity and on serum and intestinal oxidative stress and immunological parameters and on intestinal histopathology, versus untreated controls. Both mycotoxins groups irrespective of concentration, showed a significant deterioration of SGR and FCR as compared to control, whereas no consistent differences in mortality were present. The small intestinal enzyme activity was significantly reduced by ZEN in particular at the higher mycotoxin concentrations and when combined with AFB₁. Serum and intestinal immunological parameters were significantly affected largely consistent with additive and synergistic negative effects on the (innate) immune system, in particular enhanced inflammation. The latter was also reflected in the serum and intestinal oxidative stress parameters. Histopathological examination showed decreasing villus length and Goblet cell density with increasing mycotoxin load. It is concluded that the combination of AFB₁ and ZEN clearly increased the toxic effect on the fish as far as the serum and intestinal parameters are concerned. This is in some cases merely additive, but clear synergistic toxicity was seen too, in particular at the higher mycotoxin concentrations. Surprisingly, the increasing intestinal impairment did not translate into increased growth retardation and mortality since those were similar in all non-control groups. This may be consistent with anabolic effects of mycotoxin (metabolites) as has been described before.
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These findings were in line revealing a significant increase in pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 (Oswald et al., 2005; Abdel-Wahhab et al., 2015; Broom, 2015; Ahmed et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2019). Mycotoxins (especially AFB1)-contaminated diet leads to intestinal oxidative damages thereby cell apoptosis and tight junction disturbance which can compromise the integrity of the intestine (Broom, 2015; Huang et al., 2018), which in turn leads to intestinal tissue inflammation response including increments in expression levels of the inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Broom, 2015; Alinezhad et al., 2017; Ren et al., 2019). In other words, injured enterocytes release a variety of inflammatory cytokines to modulate immune responses (Niewold, 2014).
Phytogenics additives have gained considerable attention as efficacious and safe dietary interventions to reduce the toxic effects of aflatoxin B₁ contamination in aquatic animals. The present study was conducted to investigate the ameliorative efficacy of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) toxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in terms of growth performance, innate plasma immune indices and expression of immune related genes. Five experimental diets including a commercial diet as control, control diet +25 ppb AFB₁, control diet +50 ppb AFB₁, control diet +25 ppb AFB₁ + 1% garden thymus essential oil (TEO), and control diet +50 ppb AFB₁+ 1% TEO were tested. Triplicate groups of fish averaging 20.77 ± 0.08 g were fed the test diets at a rate of 3% body weight twice daily for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, fish fed TEO supplemented diets showed improved final weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rates in comparison to groups received AFB₁ with no dietary TEO supplementation (P < 0.05). The biochemical (total protein) and innate immune (lysozyme and ACH50) parameters were significantly enhanced in all TEO supplemented groups (P < 0.05). Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-8 were markedly up-regulated following feeding on diet containing high level of AFB₁ (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, dietary TEO supplementation ameliorated the increased tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-8 expression induced by dietary AFB₁ contamination (P < 0.05). However, TEO supplementation significantly enhanced interleukin-1β expression (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that, dietary supplementation of 1% TEO can mitigate the AFB₁ induced suppression of growth and innate immunity in rainbow trout.

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Full length articleEffects of nanostructured zeolite and aflatoxin B1 in growth performance, immune parameters and pathological conditions of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Fish and rearing condition

Growth performance

Discussion

Acknowledgments

Aquaculture

Poult. Sci.

Poult. Sci.

Poult. Sci.

Thin Solid Films

Food Control

Aquaculture

Aquaculture

Aquat. Living Resour.

Aquaculture

Poult. Sci.

Res. Vet. Sci.

Brit. Vet. J.

Aquaculture

Livest. Sci.

Aquaculture

Fishery and Statistics Yearbook

Occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial aquafeeds in Asia and Europe: a real risk to aquaculture?

Rev. Aquacult

Detection and detoxification of aflatoxins. Prevention of aflatoxicosis and aflatoxin residues with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate

Vet. Hum. Toxicol.

Antifungal effect of zeolite-incorporated tissue conditioner against Candida albicans growth and/or acid production

J. Oral Rehabil.

The use clinopetilolite in broiler diet to decrease of aflatoxin effects

S. J. A

The adsorption of aflatoxin B1 by detonation-synthesis nanodiamonds

Dokl. Biochem. Biophys.

Response of broiler chickens to different levels of nanozeolite during experimental aflatoxicosis

J. Biol. Sci.

Toxicity of aflatoxin B1 to Penaeid shrimp

Environ. Microbiol.

Subchronic toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B1 to channel catfish

J. Aquat. Anim. Health

Official Methods of Analysis

Serum albumin and globulin

Methods for studying the haemolytic, chemoattractant and opsonic activities of seabream (Sparus aurata L.) serum

Some hematological and biochemical changes in blood serum of beluga (Huso huso) after chronic exposure to diazinone

Iran. J. Fish. Sci.

Lysozyme assays

Growth and hepatic lesions of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing aflatoxin B1

Aquaculture

Full length article
Effects of nanostructured zeolite and aflatoxin B1 in growth performance, immune parameters and pathological conditions of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Growth and hepatic lesions of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing aflatoxin B₁