Evaluation of an olive leaf extract as a natural source of antiglycative compounds
Graphical abstract
Section snippets
Chemical compounds
Hydroxytyrosol (PubChem CID: 82755)
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (PubChem CID: 547)
Methylglyoxal (PubChem CID: 880)
Aminoguanidine (PubChem CID: 2146)
3-deoxyglucosone (PubChem CID: 114839)
3-deoxygalactosone (PubChem CID: 102601182);
Carboxymethyllysine (PubChem CID: 123800)
Carboxyethyllysine (PubChem CID: 23400779)
Argpyrimidine (PubChem CID: 75098600)
Chemicals
Olive leaves (Olea Europaea, Picual variety, Córdoba, Spain), d (+)-glucose (GLC), bovine serum albumin (BSA), methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO) (40% aqueous solution), pyridoxamine (PM), aminoguanidine (AG), 5-methylquinoxaline (5-MQ), nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT), o-phenylenediamine (OPD), sodium borohydride, perfluoropentanoic acid (purity > 97%), heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) and standards of phenolic compounds were supplied by Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG,
Identification of phenolic compounds in the extract
Thirty compounds were identified in the acid-treated OLE eluted at 12–24 min with an increasing ACN gradient from 25 to 57% (Fig. 1a). Chemical characterization involved high-resolution QTOF to determine the exact mass of each compound as confirmed by the MS/MS spectra, the NIST standard reference database and previously reported data (Kawaguchi et al., 2011, Peralbo-Molina et al., 2012, Quirantes-Piné et al., 2013). HT, oleuropein, rutin, verbascoside and tyrosol were further confirmed by
Conclusion
An OLE obtained under acidic conditions proved an effective inhibition of glycation under physiological conditions by hindering the formation of fluorescent AGEs and specific AGEs, such as CML, and in a lesser extent, CEL and ArgP. The antiglycative activity of OLE fractions separately did not explain the activity obtained for the whole extract. Although the compounds present in each fraction will contribute to the antiglycative activity, they could act synergistically to reach the highest rate
Funding
This work was funded by the Regional Government of Madrid and the European Regional Development Fund programme [S2013/ABI-3028-AVANSECAL], as well as by Spanish National Research Council [CSIC-201370E027]. M. Navarro was additionally supported by the JAE programme (Spanish National Research Council).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Ms. I. Alvarez and Mr. M.A. Martinez for technical assistance, and Professor Monika Pischetsrieder for kindly supplying the standards of C6 dicarbonyl compounds.
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