Determination of mineral contents of wild-grown edible mushrooms
Introduction
Mushrooms are valuable, healthy foods being low in calories and high in proteins, vitamins and minerals (Racz, Papp, Prokai, & Kovacz, 1996). The consumption of wild edible mushrooms is increasing, even in the developed world, due to their good contents of proteins and trace minerals (Agrahar-Murugkar & Subbulakshmi, 2005). Wild-growing mushrooms have been a popular delicacy in many countries, particularly in central and east Europe. Wild mushrooms are also a popular food source in Turkey. Mushrooms have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Mushrooms have also been reported as therapeutic foods, useful in preventing diseases such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and cancer. These functional characteristics are mainly due to their chemical composition (Manzi, Aguzzi, & Pizzoferrato, 2001).
In general, mushroom fruiting bodies, on a dry weight basis, contain about 39.9% carbohydrate, 17.5% protein and 2.9% fats, the rest being the minerals (Demirbaş, 2001, Latiff et al., 1996). Wild-growing macrofungi have been a favourite delicacy in many countries. The macrofungi are collected to make a substantial contribution to food intake. Therefore, it is necessary to know the levels of essential elements in edible mushrooms (Isıloğlu, Yilmaz, & Merdivan, 2001). The bioavailability of iron in mushrooms is therefore high and up to 90% of the iron present can be absorbed (Kalac & Svoboda, 2000).
The contents of trace metals are related to species of mushroom, collecting area of the sample, age of fruiting bodies and mycelium, and distance from any source of pollution (Kalac, Burda, & Staskova, 1991). Metals, such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese are essential metals, since they play an important role in biological systems. Lead and cadmium are non-essential metals as they are toxic, even in traces (Schroeder, 1973). The essential metals can also produce toxic effects when the metal intake is excessively elevated (Tüzen, Sesli, & Soylak, 2007). Accurate and adequate food composition data are invaluable for estimating the adequacy of intakes of essential nutrients and assessing exposure risks from intake of toxic non-essential heavy metals (Onianwa et al., 2001, Soylak et al., 2003).
Trace elements, whether essential or non-essential, above threshold concentration levels, can cause morphological abnormalities, reduce growth and increase mortality and mutagenic effects in humans (Olumuyiwa, Oluwatoyin, Olanrewaja & Steve, 2007). The average intakes are 1000, 2, 18, 400, 2, 1000, 15, 4000 and 2400 mg per day for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Zn, P and Na, respectively. This daily nutrient intake is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects (Food, 2001).
The uptake of metal ions in mushrooms is different from plants in many ways. For this reason, the concentration variations of minerals depend on mushroom species and their ecosystems (Seeger, 1982). The trace metal contents in the mushrooms are mainly affected by acidic and organic matter content of their ecosystem and soil (Gast, Jansen, Bierling, & Haanstra, 1988).
Turkey has a large edible mushroom potential and is becoming an important exporter of wild mushrooms. Trace metal levels in wild mushroom samples in Erzurum have not yet been determined. The purpose of this study is to determine toxic and essential elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ca, Na, Mg, K and P) in fruit bodies of several mushroom species from Erzurum, Turkey.
Section snippets
Samples
The thirty macrofungi samples were collected during field trips in Erzurum province between 1997 and 2000. Colour slides of the macrofungal specimens were taken in their natural habitats during fields studies. After relevant notes were taken of their morphological and ecological features, they were put in private prepared boxes and brought to the laboratory. Their spore prints were taken and spore dimensions were measured using an ocular micrometer. Then, dried specimens were placed in locked
Result and discussion
The mineral contents of the samples are given in the Table 2. All the metal concentrations were determined on a dry weight basis. The contents of trace metals in the samples ranged from 0.90–4.54, 0.17–8.80, 12.6–29.1, 0.03–4.85 and 0.64–4.49 mg/kg dw for Mg, Ca, K, Na and P, and 50.1–842, 26.7–185, 9.23–107 and 5.54–135 mg/g dw for Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn, respectively. The most abundant element was found to be potassium, (ranging from 12.6 to 29.1 mg/kg dw), followed by magnesium and calcium, while
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2022, Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and BiologyCitation Excerpt :Manganese, iron and zinc concentrations in soybeans are much higher compared to vanadium and chromium. Genccelep et al. [21] and Akinyele et al. [18] even describes that soybeans are important manganese and zinc accumulators. The average values of 31.6 (Mn), 47.3 (Zn) and 89.1 mg/kg (Fe) reported in this study are comparable to the ones in the literature [14–16,37].