On the impact of anemometer size on the velocity field in a closed wind tunnel
Introduction
The effects of the distortions of the velocity field by a body introduced in a wind tunnel are even now not fully explained. Some investigations have already been led, mainly related to aeronautical research [1], [2] and wind energy [3]. In these cases, wind tunnels are used as experimental tools to help in the design of aircraft or wind turbine parts. However, because of its finite size, the flow conditions are slightly different in a wind tunnel compared to those in an unbounded flow field where the bodies under test are found. Empirical equations are often established to correct the effects of buoyancy, solid and wake blockages on the results but some theoretical corrections based on potential flow computations can also be established.
In the industrial field, anemometers are used more and more often to measure a flow rate in ducts for efficiency and/or safety-related subjects. Industry now requires reliable and accurate measurements. This involves taking into account the effect of anemometer intrusion in the duct during the measurement process as well as improving the calibration methods of anemometers in wind tunnels.
Comparisons between National Metrology Institutes or calibration laboratories are good tools for demonstrating if the intrusion effect of the anemometers is taken into account in a suitable way. H. Mueller [4] has shown for example in EURAMET 827 comparison that the deviations which may be observed between the National Metrology Institutes could be due to the transfer standard itself and more specifically to the interaction between them and the wind tunnel where the calibration is performed.
As a contribution to the understanding of the phenomenon, EDF R&D and LNE-CETIAT have together led a study to evaluate the impact of an anemometer on the velocity field in a wind tunnel. Experimental measurements in a closed wind tunnel and numerical simulations have been performed simultaneously, for different types and sizes of anemometers (from Pitot tube to large vane anemometer).
The interest of the simultaneous experimental and numerical investigation is the possibility of directly validating the numerical results by the mean of the experimental ones. Once the numerical model has been validated, numerical experiments are easier to run than experimental ones to investigate further the blockage effect of anemometers when geometrical parameters are varying.
Section snippets
Experimental setup
Experimental investigations are carried out in a closed wind tunnel. The objectives are to highlight the disturbing effect of the anemometer on a velocity field and to record experimental data to validate the numerical investigations.
Numerical investigation
Code_saturne© 2.0 was used for the numerical investigation. It is an open source computational fluid dynamics tool developed by the French electricity producer EDF. Code_saturne© is the Navier–Stokes equations solver. It can be used in a large range of applications, including steady or unsteady, laminar or turbulent, isothermal or not, incompressible or weakly dilatable flows, in 2D, 2D-axisymmetric and 3D cases. Scalar transport is also possible.
It includes several turbulence models, such as
Boundary layer correction
The numerical results presented above are very close to the experimental ones. From a qualitative point of view the same conclusions can be made from experimental or numerical study. Both of them show which anemometer has the biggest impact on velocity perturbation and also from which distance upstream the velocity field seems to be undisturbed by the anemometer. From a quantitative point of view, deviation between numerical and experimental results exists and could be explained by geometric
Conclusions and future work
The impact of four anemometers has been studied by an experimental and a numerical approach for a 560 mm×510 mm tunnel. A good agreement was found between experimental and numerical results. The distortion of the velocity field can be important for some anemometers (a deviation of 20% for the biggest one).
It has been seen that the upstream effect of the anemometer can be very important, even far upstream.
In the case of a calibration procedure, this minimum distance, which depends on the wind
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Blockage corrections in wind tunnel tests of small horizontal-axis wind turbines
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(2011) - Maskell E.C., A theory of the blockage effects on bluff bodies and stalled wings in a closed wind tunnel. Aeronautical...
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