Analysis of energy efficiency and carbon dioxide reduction in the Chinese pulp and paper industry
Introduction
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2012), 27.9% of the total final energy consumption in 2010 was due to various industries. Global carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from energy consumption has grown at over 1.5% per year, from around 20 GtCO2 in 1990 to over 26 GtCO2 by 2005 (IPCC, 2007). Approximately, 36% of CO2 emissions are derived from manufacturing industries, particularly pulp and paper, chemical, cement, iron and steel, and petrochemicals (IEA, 2007). Globally, the total industrial CO2 emission was 13.21 GtCO2 in 2010; Asia was the region with the fastest industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emission growth between 2005 and 2010 (IPCC, 2014). The pulp and paper industry is an energy-intensive industry with a key function in CO2 emissions. The pulp and paper industry accounted for 1.7% of the industry energy demand in China in 2010, and ranked above the light industry. The calculated CO2 emissions of 39 Chinese industrial branches show that the pulp and paper industry was in the top 10 list (Li et al., 2012). Energy efficiency is one of the most significant and cost-effective methods for reducing energy use and CO2 emissions in the coming decades (Worrell et al., 2009). Energy efficiency reduces energy resource depletion rates and mitigates GHG emissions. It also provides options at low costs for both saving energy and choosing emission-reducing measures.
Studies worldwide are identifying diverse opportunities for sector-specific and cross-cutting energy-efficiency improvement and CO2 emission mitigation for industrial sectors. The energy efficiency of the sector can be reduced through the wide-scale development of the best available technologies (BAT) (IPCC, 2014). Moreover, BAT Conclusions for the Production of Pulp, Paper, and Board was addressed on September 26th, 2014 in EU; it was designed to further raise the energy efficiency in this sector. The technical and cost-effective fuel-efficiency potentials in 2005 accounted for 16% and 19%, respectively, of the total fuel used in the cement industry in Thailand (Hasanbeigi et al., 2010). A cross-country comparison of the physical production data on developments in energy efficiency in the pulp and paper industry had been conducted (Farla et al., 1997). Potential savings for final energy use resulting from applicable sustainability options in pulp and paper making were estimated in 1994 and 2006 in the United States (Xu et al., 2013). The energy efficiency, energy saving potential, and CO2 emission of the German paper industry were analyzed comprehensively (Fleiter et al., 2012). Opportunities for energy efficiency and GHG emission reduction, as well as the energy efficiency technologies, for the paper industry in the United States have been examined (Martin et al., 2000, Kramer et al., 2010, Xu et al., 2014). Empirical evidence on the potential of electricity efficiency improvement was presented by the Swedish pulp and paper industry (Blomberg et al., 2012). Technical energy measures in the Swedish pulp and paper mills that enhance energy efficiency to achieve CO2 reduction and determine its cost had been investigated (Mõllersten et al., 2003). To reduce energy use and GHG emissions, 36 emerging technologies were evaluated (Kong et al., 2014a). Given that energy use reduction can save cost, the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada illustrates the potential for reducing energy consumption and GHG by benchmarking. The aforementioned studies are only a few of the many studies that have been conducted on energy efficiency in the pulp and paper industry.
Many studies in the Chinese pulp and paper sector differ in focus, energy situation, technology, and calculation of CO2 emissions. Li (2011) analyzed the energy use and measures to save energy in the pulp and paper industry. Several studies have summarized the energy-saving technology and equipment in this industry (Guang, 2010, Liu et al., 2010, Zhang et al., 2009, Zhang, 2013). Kong et al. (2011) appraised the energy-saving potential and technology application during the papermaking process. Tang and Zhao (2012) discussed the methods to calculate the CO2 emission factors on the basis of the production process in the pulp and paper industry. However, studies on the energy efficiency of the pulp and paper industry in China are limited. The potential of 23 technologies and measures to improve energy efficiency in Chinese pulp and paper sector can be evaluated using the bottom-up method (Kong et al., 2014b). Kong et al. (2013) identified the energy conservation potential and CO2 mitigation opportunities at a paper mill in Guangdong Province through an energy audit. Lin (2012) analyzed six large papermaking enterprises in Nanning, where an energy efficiency appraisal system had been established. Sun et al. (2011) evaluated the energy efficiencies of 14 industrial sectors (including the pulp and paper sector) between 1987 and 2005.
This study analyzes the available energy saving and CO2 emission mitigation potentials in the Chinese pulp and paper industry by combining energy efficiency indicator and a scenario analysis. First, changes in Chinese energy efficiency are determined by calculating the specific energy consumption (SEC) values of products in the pulp and paper industry from 1985 to 2010. Subsequently, we analyze the negative factors that degrade the energy efficiency of the sector by horizontally comparing different regions. In view of the current status of energy efficiency, detailed policy recommendations are discussed. This analysis can serve as a reference for energy efficiency improvement.
Section snippets
Material overview
In the pulp and paper industry, fibrous raw materials are converted into pulp, paper, and paperboard. The global paper and paperboard production was approximately 394 million tons in 2010. The share of paper and paperboard production in China has increased from 15.3% to 23.5% in five years. Fig. 1 shows the regional shares of paper and paperboard production in 2010. The pulp and paper sector is closely related to the national economy of China. With its rapid economic development, China has
Energy consumption
According to the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China, total energy consumption refers to various kinds of energy, excluding bioenergy, solar energy, and fuels of low calorific value. In 2010, the pulp and paper industry consumed 39.62 million tons of standard coal. Driven by the rising output, energy demand increases simultaneously in this sector. This industry experienced of an average annual growth of 4.57% from 1985 to 2010. However, total energy consumption has
Comparison of the energy efficiencies of different Chinese provinces
In China, the distribution pattern of the pulp and paper industry is relatively steady. The main production area is in the east and is represented by Shandong, Jiangsu, and Guangdong. These three regions produced 43.6% of the total amount of paper and paperboard generated in 2010 and reports an annual production output of over 10 million tons. The SEC of paper and paperboard in these regions are then determined, followed by a comparative analysis. The SEC of paper and paperboard in China was
Conclusions and policy implications
Industrial energy efficiency has long been a research topic, and it has been systematically and comprehensively analyzed. Energy efficiency is closely related to the sustainable development of industries. The pulp and paper industry, in particular, is an energy-intensive sector. The overall purpose of this study was to analyze the energy efficiency in Chinese pulp and paper industry on the basis of historical data and to formulate the suitable policies to accelerate the energy efficiency
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to National Bureau of Statistics of China and Energy Information Administration of United States for offering great help. The authors also are grateful to senior expert in the field of energy research, Professor Chang-Tang Chang (from Energy and Resource Technique and Develop Center at National I-Lan University, Taiwan), for his valuable comments on this paper.
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