Application for oxytetracycline wastewater pretreatment by Fe-C-Ni catalytic cathodic-anodic-electrolysis granular fillers from rare-earth tailings
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Rare earth tailings is one of the products of the sorting operation in rare earth separation, which contains the useful target components. The useful mineral grade of accumulation was very high. A large amount of tailings not only caused great waste of resources, but also damaged the ecological environment (Gupta et al., 2011, Khani et al., 2010, Yang et al., 2017b). The composition of tailings contains a lot of oxides with different valence states. According to the previous introductions, the rare earth reserves of bayan obo were 43.5 million tons (Dong et al., 2017). Since 1958, the resource has been mined 12.5 million tons, and about 2 million tons had been lost in the process of selecting, smelting, and storage. Thus, the actual use of rare earth resources is only about 1.2 million tons, and more than 9 million tons of rare earth resources has been discharged into the tailings dam (Gupta et al., 2015; Saleh and Gupta, 2012a; Wang et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2017b). Therefore, it is necessary to recycle the rare earth tailings.
In modern society, due to its unique physical and chemical properties, the rare-earth minerals have a wide range of applications in the development of economy (Gupta et al., 2013, Ramasamy et al., 2017, Sadri et al., 2017, Saleh and Gupta, 2014). Over the past 25 years, scientists had launched many sided researches about the application of rare-earth minerals (Saravanan et al., 2016, Zhuang et al., 2017). The application scope of the rare earth minerals have been expanded to various fields of modern science and technology (Ramasamy et al., 2017). The rare earth mineral will play a more and more important role in the development of the society (Devaraj et al., 2016, Huang et al., 2017, Peng et al., 2017, Yi et al., 2017). In 2007, the production of rare earth was about 12.08 t in China, which accounted for 97% of the world's rare earth minerals output (Dong et al., 2017, Gupta et al., 2014a). The technological process of rare earth ore mining are dressing, comprehensive mining and smelting, resulting the resources utilization rate is low. Therefore, the manufacture process will bring a lot of rare earth tailings (Hu and Sun, 2016, Karthikeyan et al., 2012, Mohammadi et al., 2011). The disposal methods of rare earth tailings were mainly displayed as follows: (1) the physical methods for recycling useful minerals from the tailings were flotation, magnetic separation, etc; (2) the chemical methods were leaching, roasting, etc; (3) the directly way for the recycle of tailings were backfilling mined-out area or made as a building material (Editorial Board/Publication Information (2015)).
Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a broad spectrum antibiotic, which has been extensively used for the treatment of illness of animals and humans (Hu et al., 2016, Liu et al., 2016, Saravanan et al., 2013c). OTC is extensively used all over the world. Some papers stated that the human organism function could be disturbed if the OTC was abused. Additionally, the bioactivity of majority microorganisms would be affected by the OTC in the environment (Boonsaner and Hawker, 2015, Ghodsi et al., 2016, Robati et al., 2016, Saravanan et al., 2015). Therefore, OTC has received a wide range of attention around the world, and the treatment methods of OTC wastewater with low-cost and high efficiency became a research focus.
Micro-electrolysis technology is a kind of electrochemical method with the iron and carbon used as the anodic and cathodic respectively, which can form the electrolyte battery in the system (Chen et al., 2012, Huang et al., 2014, Saravanan et al., 2013b, Saravanan et al., 2013d, Saravanan et al., 2013e, Xu et al., 2016). The mechanism of micro-electrolysis pretreatment in wastewater can be concluded as the oxidation reduction, coagulation, deposition, electrophoresis effect, physical adsorption (Gupta and Saleh, 2013, Rajendran et al., 2016, Saleh and Gupta, 2011, Saleh and Gupta, 2012b, Saravanan et al., 2013a, Saravanan et al., 2013d, Zhang et al., 2017). Compared with other wastewater pretreatment technologies, the micro-electrolysis has longer service life, lower operation cost and universal applicability (Ghaedi et al., 2015, Gupta et al., 2014b, Huang et al., 2014). The objective of this study was to explore the availability of the Fe-C-Ni catalytic cathodic-anodic-electrolysis granular fillers for the pretreatment of oxytetracycline wastewater.
Section snippets
Materials
The REGF was made by powdered activated carbon, scrap iron, rare earth tailing and nickel sulfate solution. PAC was bought from Kermel Company in Tianjin. Scrap ion was purchased from Jinan Machinery Plant in Shandong. In addition, nickel sulfate (NiSO4·6H2O), gathered from Henan shunbo chemical products co. LTD, was used to prepare the concentration of Ni2+ (1.0 g L−1). The rare earth tailing was gathered from Inner Mongolia baotou bayan obo tailings. The compositions of RET are demonstrated
The feasibility study of micro-electrolytic filler
In the sintering process of fillers, the effects of raw materials included: support skeleton, fluxing action and expansion. The composition of bayan obo tailing has been shown in Table SM-2.
According to Table SM-2. There are not only have the Fe2O3 (18.2%), but have other metal oxide (CaO, REO, MgO, BaO, MnO, Al2O3) in the rare earth tailing. In the process with high temperature, the Fe2O3 could be restored to Fe° by activated carbon as the anode of the filler. The remaining metal oxide could
Conclusions
The filler of granular Fe-C-Ni catalytic cathodic-anodic-electrolysis was satisfactory and feasible applied in the continuous reactor. The reactor of REGF could effectively reduce 98% of OTC and 80% of TOC by the catalytic oxidation effect at HRT of 3.0 h, pH of 3, aeration rate of 0 L min−1 and OTC of 100 mg L−1. There was no harden existed among the packing in the reactor of REGF during the running time of 50 d, and the pore structure of fillers was kept the integrity as the initial. The
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from Tai Shan Scholar Foundation (No. ts 201511003)
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