Effects of dietary chromium exposure to rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii are ameliorated by ascorbic acid
Introduction
While chromium (Cr) can be a highly toxic metal, it is also a critical nutrient for aquatic animals. In aquatic environment, Cr exists in two main forms: trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Oxidized state, Cr(VI), is highly toxic due to its ability to be absorbed more easily in biological system through anion-exchange carriers than is Cr(III) (Dayan and Paine, 2001, Salnikow and Zhitkovich, 2008).
Hematological factors in aquatic animals have been widely considered as useful indicators of physiological and pathological changes in toxicological and environmental research seeking to evaluate influences of exposure to toxins (Adhikari et al., 2004). Fish blood parameters are good indicators of toxicity of aquatic environment owing to the close relationship between circulatory system and external environment. Moreover, blood parameters can be affected by various factors such as xenobiotic type, target species, and exposure concentration (Chandrasekara and Pathiratne, 2005). Fish physiological status, e.g. hematological factors, is known to be affected by metallic stress. For example, Cr(VI) exposure was shown to significantly affect hematological factors of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Vutukuru, 2005). Shaheen and Akhtar (2012) also reported blood can be a reliable parameter for measuring environmental toxicity because it is highly susceptible to alterations in the environment, and Cr(VI) has a negative effect on hematological and biochemical factors in aquatic animals. In addition, Mazon et al. (2002) reported that hematological and physiological alterations in fish can suggest the homeostatic status in fish exposed to environmental pollution.
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a critical nutrient required for the proper metabolic function and immunity of aquatic animals, in addition to their growth and development (Wang et al., 2003). Moreover, AsA supplementation is known to aid in detoxification against contamination by various toxic metals (Kim and Kang, 2015a). AsA is a strong antioxidant, and its supplementation is considerably effective to attenuate Cr(VI) toxicity caused by reactive oxygen species formed during Cr(VI) reduction (Poljsak et al., 2005). AsA supplementation reduced metal retention in tissues caused by metal exposure (Kadrabova et al., 1992). AsA supplementation is also highly effective to attenuate metal-induced alterations in hematological and serum biochemical factors (Yousef, 2004). Ambali et al. (2007) reported that vitamin C has a protective function that can ameliorate damage to hematological factors of mice caused by chlorpyrifos.
Fish biomarkers have been considered useful tools in the following risk assessment procedures: effect, exposure and hazard assessment, risk characterization or classification, and monitoring aquatic ecosystems (Oost et al., 2003). Information on toxic effects of Cr(VI) on bioaccumulation and hematological factors, and detoxification effects of AsA for exposure of aquatic animals to Cr is limited. Given that rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, is a widely consumed species in South Korea, research on toxic effects of Cr on S. schlegelii and ameliorative effects of AsA may be useful for identifying potential bioindicators for Cr toxicity in marine environment.
Section snippets
Experimental fish and conditions
Juvenile S. schlegelii were obtained from a local fish farm in Tongyeong, Korea. Fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks under laboratory conditions. During the acclimation period, fish were fed a Cr-free diet twice daily and maintained on a 12-h:12-h light/dark cycle and constant condition at all times (Table 1). After acclimatization, 90 fish (body length, 10.8±1.4 cm; body weight, 31.7±3.6 g) were randomly selected for this study. Dietary chromium exposure took place in 500 L circular tanks with 5
Chromium accumulation
Cr accumulation in the kidney, liver, spleen, intestine, gill, and muscle of S. schlegelii exposed to various dietary Cr concentrations depended on AsA supplementation (Fig. 1). We observed the highest Cr accumulation in the kidney. This significant accumulation in the kidney was observed in fish given dietary Cr greater than 120 mg/kg at 2 weeks and 4 weeks. Furthermore, for the 240 mg/kg Cr exposure at 2 and 4 weeks, Cr bioaccumulation in kidney was considerably lower in the fish receiving a
Discussion
Metal levels in aquatic ecosystems have increased by industrial and agricultural activities, and the metal exposure induces metal accumulation in fish tissues (Uysal et al., 2008). The accumulation and dispersion patterns for metal exposure depend on the exposure vectors (water, feed, and sediment), exposure concentration and period, and absorption ability of each tissue (Leonard et al., 2014). Among chromium, hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) can be much toxic to fish due to its ability to enter
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by the project the Environmental-friendly Aquaculture Technology using biofloc (R2017016) of the National Institue of Fisheries Science, Incheon, South Korea.
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