A close look onto structural models and primary ligands of metallo-β-lactamases☆
Section snippets
Introduction – reproducibility crisis in biomedical research
A number of recent reports have brought to the attention of the scientific community the uncomfortable fact that a noticeable fraction of biomedical research cannot be reproduced (Minor et al., 2016; Prinz et al., 2011). This is an alarming trend, and even more alarming outlook, calling for immediate action. Not only are large resources of time, manpower, and money (estimated at $28 billion a year in the US alone (Freedman et al., 2015)) invested in potentially useless endeavors, but also false
Model validation methods
No new experimental data were collected for this work and all analyses were based on data obtained by others and deposited in the PDB and/or https://proteindiffraction.org/. We reviewed over 150 deposited crystal structures of metallo-β-lactamases and we used the BLDB database (Naas et al., 2017) to identify the relevant structures of B1, B2, and B3 β-lactamases. Only the entries containing experimental diffraction data were subjected to our detailed review.
When available, electron density maps
NDM-1 with tiopronin (PDB ID 5a5z)
A 2.6 Å structure of NDM-1, supposedly with the ligand tiopronin bound at the active site, was determined as part of a study entitled “Approved drugs containing thiols as inhibitors of metallo-β-lactamases: Strategy to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria” (Klingler et al., 2015). When this work was initially published, there was no accompanying PDB deposit. After our correspondence with the author and, subsequently, with the journal editor, the authors submitted the model coordinates and the
The ripple effect of sub-optimal and incorrect structural models
Crystallographic structural data, once deposited in the PDB and reported in the literature, tend to be treated by the non-structural community with full trust and their correctness is rarely questioned. The “ripple effect” of structural models (good and bad!) is very significant, given that many other fields of science use these models as the foundation for their research. Protein crystallography gives scientists an unprecedented power to investigate life at sub-microscopic levels, by revealing
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank Dr. Bernhard Rupp for valuable comments on one of the cases (5a5z). We also acknowledge, with thanks, the cooperation and joint authorship of the revised PDB deposits on the part of some of the original authors, especially Dr. Andrzej Joachimiak, Dr. Youngchang Kim, Dr. Natalie Strynadka, Dr. Dustin King, Dr. Alejandro Vila, Dr. Javier Gonzalez, Dr. Stefano Mangani, Dr. Isabel Garcia-Saez, Dr. Jean-Marie Frere, and Dr. Otto Dideberg. The work of MJ and JR was supported by the
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Dedication: As a birthday tribute, this work is dedicated to Dr. Zbigniew Dauter, an untiring advocate of the highest quality in structural research.
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Equal contribution.