Dataset on the assessment of pervious concrete containing palm oil kernel shell and seashell in heavy metal removal from stormwater

The dataset currently available comprises data on the removal rates of heavy metals (Ba, Se, Cr, Fe, Cd, As, and Co) through the incorporation of seashells and palm oil kernel shells into pervious concrete for stormwater treatment. Stormwater runoff was collected from commercial areas in Taman University, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. The stormwater samples underwent filtration and were preserved in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles at a temperature of 4 °C for use as incoming water. The outgoing water, referred to as effluent, was obtained from tests performed on pervious concrete samples after a curing period of 28 days. The pervious concrete mixes were created with a water-to-binder ratio (w/b ratio) of 32% and a sand ratio of 10%. Three different levels of palm oil kernel shell and seashell content were used as coarse aggregate replacements: 0%, 25%, and 50%. Two single-size group were considered for both palm oil kernel shell and seashell: (6.3-9.5 mm) and (4.75-6.3 mm). Heavy metal analyses were conducted on the influent and effluent using a PerkinElmer ELAN 6100 Series Inductively Coupled Plasma– Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The available datasets consist of both raw and analyzed data.


a b s t r a c t
The dataset currently available comprises data on the removal rates of heavy metals (Ba, Se, Cr, Fe, Cd, As, and Co) through the incorporation of seashells and palm oil kernel shells into pervious concrete for stormwater treatment.Stormwater runoff was collected from commercial areas in Taman University, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.The stormwater samples underwent filtration and were preserved in highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) bottles at a temperature of 4 °C for use as incoming water.The outgoing water, referred to as effluent, was obtained from tests performed on pervious concrete samples after a curing period of 28 days.The pervious concrete mixes were created with a water-to-binder ratio (w/b ratio) of 32% and a sand ratio of 10%.Three different levels of palm oil kernel shell and seashell content were used as coarse aggregate replacements: 0%, 25%, and 50%.Two single-size group were considered for both palm oil kernel shell and seashell: (6.3-9.5 mm) and (4.75-6.3mm).Heavy metal analyses were conducted on the influent and effluent using a PerkinElmer ELAN 6100 Series Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS).The available datasets consist of both raw and analyzed data. ©

Value of the Data
• The presented experimental data show the extent of heavy metal removal from stormwater when pervious concrete pavement incorporates palm oil kernel shells and seashells as partial replacements for coarse aggregates.• The data on the rate of heavy metal removal in pervious concrete incorporating seashells and palm oil kernel shells will help us comprehend the impact of these waste materials on heavy metal removal.• The obtained data can be utilized for comparative analyses to assess the purification capabilities of pervious concrete pavements, thereby facilitating the production of more sustainable pervious concrete solutions.

Objective
The reason for collecting this dataset was the absence of a freely accessible dataset suitable for the development of sustainable pervious concrete and to investigate the impact of various waste materials on heavy metal removal in pervious concrete containing these waste materials.This dataset was created to record the removal of heavy metals (barium (Ba), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and cobalt (Co)) from stormwater using pervious concrete pavements containing palm oil kernel shells and seashells.The measurement of heavy metals in stormwater is intended to assist engineers in comparing the effects of different waste materials on water purification, with the aim of finding the optimal mix design for pervious concrete containing waste materials to achieve more sustainable pervious concrete pavements with improved water purification capabilities.The provided heavy metal removal data were collected from stormwater samples taken in the field as influent and after passing through five pervious concrete specimens as effluent, for a total of ten events.These measurements were conducted using a PerkinElmer ELAN 6100 Series Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS).Furthermore, these datasets can supplement the results described in [1] by providing additional data on various heavy metals.This data can be utilized for the development, application, or comparison of other methods and the use of different waste materials for research purposes.

Data Description
Fig. 1 displays the concentrations of heavy metals in both effluent and influent for each specimen over ten events.In several instances, the heavy metal concentration was below detection limits (ND), as shown in Fig. 1 .Furthermore, Table 1 presents the heavy metals retained by each specimen during these ten events.Negative values indicate that the specimen was unable to remove the heavy metal, resulting in a higher concentration of heavy metal in the effluent compared to the influent.Additional data can be accessed in the supplementary file, available at the following URL: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/zw6wrx4xm7/2 .This file is provided in Excel format and comprises two separate sheets containing relevant information.The first sheet, titled "Raw Data," contains the raw data from the ICP-MS results, displaying the concentrations of heavy metals in both influent and effluent for each sample.The second sheet, titled "Analyzed Data," presents the amount of retained heavy metal in each sample based on the volume of influent and effluent.Additionally, the percentage of heavy metal removal by each sample is provided.For further data, please refer to [ 1 , 2 ].

Experimental Design, Materials and Methods
To create interconnected voids in pervious concrete, selecting single-sized aggregates is essential [3] .In this study, based on the sieve analysis results following ASTM C136 [4] , Limestone (LS) was used as the natural coarse aggregate, with a single-size 6.30-9.5 mm, passing through the 9.5 mm sieve and retained on the 6.3 mm sieve.The oil palm kernel shell (KS) was collected from the Felda Kulai palm oil mill in Johor, Malaysia, and the cockle shells (CS) were obtained from waste generated by local restaurants in Pasir Putih, Pasir Gudang, on the south coast of Johor, Malaysia.Both the seashells and kernel shells were washed with tap water to remove traces of dirt.Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was used in accordance with ASTM C150 [5] Type I, was used throughout the whole series of tests in the study.The water used in the preparation of all concrete mixtures was potable water.The specific gravity, water absorption, and resistance to degradation of coarse aggregates were tested in accordance with ASTM C127 and ASTM C131, respectively [ 6 , 7 ].The specific gravity of the crushed limestone was measured to be 2.7 kg/m ³, and it exhibited a water absorption rate of 1.8%.Naturally occurring river sand was sourced from the Sungai Sayong river quarry near Johor, Malaysia.This river sand was used as the fine aggregate in all the mixtures, with a maximum particle size of 4.75 mm, adhering to the demarcation specified in accordance with ASTM C33 [8] .The design of the investigated pervious concrete mixtures adhered to the guidelines presented in ACI 552R-10 [3] , which was published in 2010.The pervious concrete mixes were formulated by incorporating cockle shells (CS) and palm kernel shells (KS) as replacements at three distinct levels: 0%, 25%, and 50%, serving as natural coarse aggregate replacements.Two different single-size categories of seashell and palm oil kernel shell were used: one with sizes ranging from 6.3 mm to 9.5 mm (passing through the 9.5 mm sieve and retained on the 6.30 mm sieve), and the other with sizes ranging from 4.75 mm to 6.3 mm (passing through the 6.3 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm sieve).Throughout the experiment, the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) and the sand content remained constant at 32% and 10% (by weight percent of the coarse aggregate), respectively.In all mixtures, the amount of cement used was consistent at 339.5 kg per cubic meter.For a detailed description of the mixing process, please refer to [1] .Five cylindrical specimens (100 × 200 mm) were prepared for testing heavy metal removal, each following a specific mixture designation: CPC, SPC1-25, SPC2-50, KPC-25, and KPC2-50.Each mixture was assigned an individual code, where 'CPC,' 'SPC,' and 'KPC' represented control, cockle shell (CS), and palm kernel shell (KS) pervious concrete, respectively.The numbers '1' and '2' denoted the sizes of the waste materials used, specifically (6.3-9.5 mm) and (4.75-6.3mm), respectively.Lastly, '25' and '50' indicated the percentages of waste material replacement in terms of the weight percentage of the natural coarse aggregate proportion.After a curing period of 28 days, the hardened pervious concrete specimens underwent heavy metal removal testing.The specimens were rinsed with tap water to remove any extraneous materials and then exposed to the laboratory atmosphere.
Fig. 2 illustrates the sampling location for stormwater runoff, which served as the influent.The stormwater runoff was collected from a commercial area at Taman University, Skudai, Johor, located at coordinates 1 °32 31.1604' N and 103 °37 47.64 ' E, following the guidelines outlined in EPA 832-B-09-003 (2009) [9] .As depicted in Fig. 3 , the stormwater sample underwent filtration, acidification, and was subsequently stored in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles at a temperature of 4 °C for use as influent.Fig. 4 depicts the experimental setup for applying stormwater to the pervious concrete specimens.Before conducting the tests, all specimens were encased on their sides with a latex membrane to replicate a column setup, enabling water to be poured onto the tops and to exfiltrate through the bottoms of the specimens.
To facilitate the application of water to the concrete cylinders, a glass separating funnel was suspended above each concrete cylinder to allow the stormwater to drip through the cylinder.A glass beaker was positioned beneath the concrete cylinder to collect the effluent discharged from it.Effluent collection occurred approximately 5 minutes after the application of stormwater.Specific volumes (200 ml) of the prepared stormwater were applied to the cylinders, and the volume of effluent collected was recorded for mass balance purposes.
Individual effluent samples were collected from each cylinder for each event and were subsequently prepared separately for analysis.These samples were acidified to a pH below 2 using nitric acid and then stored in 30 mL glass culture tubes at 4 °C, as depicted in Fig. 5 .Both influent and effluent samples were subjected to analysis for total dissolved zinc, copper, nickel, and lead using a PerkinElmer ELAN 6100 Series Inductively Coupled Plasma -Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS).Following the analysis, the cylinders were dried in the laboratory for a minimum of 24 hours in preparation for the next event.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Arrangement for applying stormwater to the pervious concrete specimens.
2023The Author(s).Published by Elsevier Inc.This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ) Data were collected through the analysis of heavy metals in stormwater, which was collected in the field as influent and then applied to pervious concrete specimens after 28 days of curing.The pervious concrete mixtures were prepared with a water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 32% and a sand ratio of 10%.Three different levels of palm oil kernel shell and seashell content, namely 0%, 25%, and 50%, were used as replacements for coarse aggregates.Additionally, two different single-size group were considered for both palm oil kernel shell and seashell: (6.3-9.5 mm) and (4.75-6.3mm).The influent samples were collected from the surface runoff of stormwater.Heavy metal analyses were conducted on both influent and effluent using a PerkinElmer ELAN 6100 Series Inductively Coupled Plasma -Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS).

Table 1
Retained heavy metal by each specimen for ten events.