Survey dataset on the level of sustainable consumption of Malaysian households from the perspective of income and consumption expenditure

Unsustainable consumption promotes discouraging patterns of consumption with negative impacts on society. It also contributes to inequalities and poverty. Unsustainable patterns of production and consumption undermine development goals in terms of inefficiency and overconsumption. This research explores the level of sustainable consumption of Malaysian households from the perspective of income and consumption expenditure. The analysis is based on cross-sectional data obtained from questionnaires distributed to 635 Malaysian households in eight districts in Terengganu (urban and rural areas) using stratified random sampling. The findings show that the level of sustainable consumption expenditure of Muslim households in Terengganu is still low. Achieving sustainable consumption patterns is more technically and politically complex than changing production patterns because it raises important issues such as human values, equity and lifestyle choices.


a b s t r a c t
Unsustainable consumption promotes discouraging patterns of consumption with negative impacts on society. It also contributes to inequalities and poverty. Unsustainable patterns of production and consumption undermine development goals in terms of inefficiency and overconsumption. This research explores the level of sustainable consumption of Malaysian households from the perspective of income and consumption expenditure. The analysis is based on cross-sectional data obtained from questionnaires distributed to 635 Malaysian households in eight districts in Terengganu (urban and rural areas) using stratified random sampling. The findings show that the level of sustainable consumption expenditure of Muslim households in Terengganu is still low. Achieving sustainable consumption patterns is more technically and politically complex than changing production patterns because

Value of the Data
• The data will be useful to identify the level of sustainable consumption among Malaysian households in terms of income and expenditure consumption. • The data is valuable to highlight important issues such as human values, equity and lifestyle choices in order to achieve sustainable consumption. • Policymakers, stakeholders, governments and researchers can use the data to design programmes while avoiding wasteful spending and negative externalities. In line with government industrial policies, these effort s will commercialise rural-based activities towards market needs, economies of scale and value chain integration.

Data Description
The data presented here are table and figure formats. Contents include gender, age, marital status, employment, education, health, income, saving and lastly sustainable consumption index (see 'DIB Dataset.xlsx' -supplementary files). These data are sorted out from questionnaires. Using these data, we can analyse general statistical characteristics of eight variables, correlation among them and estimate the results of OLS in our research.
Sustainable consumption is a driving force of the global economy in promoting sustainable household lifestyles. This is embodied by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 12 'Responsible consumption and production' that stated that 'By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature' (UNDP, 2019) [1] .  The questionnaire was divided into several sections. Section A contains the characteristics on demographics; Section B refers to the profile of family members; Section C refers to information on sources of income of the household head; Section D contains questions on consumption allocation by categories; Section E concerns savings; Section F regarding the information on household consumption patterns; lastly Section G concerns the quality of life among the households.
Based on the questionnaire, demographic profile data is tabulated. It presents a comprehensive table of respondents by gender, age, education level, number of dependents and income level. Table 1 shows that 523 (82.4%) are male while 112 (17.6%) are female. As for marital status, 77.2% (490) are married and 5.4% (34) are single. 17 of the respondents (2.68%) are in the age group between 20-30 years, 100 of the respondents (15.8%) in the age group between 31-40 years, 131 of the respondents (20.6%) in the age group between 41-50 years, 144 of the respondents (22.7%) in the age group between 51-60 years, 137 of the respondents (21.6%) in the age group between 61-70 years, 92 of the respondents (14.5%) in the age group between 71-80 years, and 14 of the respondents (2.0%) in the age group between 81-90. The majority of the 285 of the respondents (44.9%) have Form Three Assessment which is Penilaian   Table 1 indicates that 24 of the respondents (3.8%) have no dependents, 292 of the respondents (46.0%) have 1 to 3 dependents, 256 of the respondents (40.3%) have 4 to six dependents, 57 of the respondents (8.9%) have 7 to 9 dependents, and 6 of the respondents (1.0%) have 10 dependents and above. The majority of the 305 of the respondents (48.0%) earned RM20 0 0 to RM40 0 0 per month, followed by 138 of respondents (21.7%) earned RM4001 to RM60 0 0 per month. 11.3% or 72 respondents received RM20 0 0 and below per month, respectively, 49 of respondents (7.7%) earned RM6001 to RM8000 and RM10001 and above per month. Meanwhile, 22 of respondents (3.5%) earned RM8001 to RM10000 per month.
The level of sustainable consumption among Malaysian Muslim household was derived from the formation of the 'Sustainable Consumption Index' which consist of consumption expenditure, household behaviour, and religiosity dimension. The instrument for index formation was developed based on past literature, expert opinion and research objectives. Such index measurements have been used in previous studies (see Hairunnizam Table 2 provides the scale of Sustainable Consumption Index with five categories. Based on Fig. 1 , the level of sustainable consumption among Malaysian Muslim households can be classified from 'High' to 'Very Low' scales since there was no score value among the respondents. These ranking categories scale takes into account three indicators such as consumption expenditure, household behaviour and religiosity. The consumption expenditure dimension elaborates on nine components of consumption expenditures of households. On the other hand, the household behaviour dimension explains the household lifestyle, sources information and shopping behaviour. The religiosity dimension includes aspects of aqidah (faith and belief), syariat (practices and activities) and akhlak (moralities and ethic) deeds.
The formation of a sustainable consumption index was done using a formula adapted from a study by Rahmah et al. in their study to measure the competitiveness of workers in the education sector. The index formation consists with many steps as mentioned below. Eq. (1) is used to obtain the index for each dimension.
Whereby I i j is the index of the j indicator for the individual i obtained on average after dividing by the number of items ( l k ) found in each of the j indicators. Next, ˜ X ik is the normalization of the total value of the individual score i for each item k calculated using the formula (2): Eq. (3) showed the index of the j component obtained through the above equation, while m is the number of components found in the y -dimension. While Wj is a weighted value according to their respective interests as mentioned above.
Next, the formation of the Sustainable Consumption Index will be done as a final step by summing the consumption expenditure, household behaviour and religiosity, which is derived from Eq. (4) : The index will be at a value of 0 to 1 with a value approaching 1 indicating that the level of sustainable consumption is at a very good level while the value approaching 0 is the opposite. The index scale can be summarized as in Table 2 .
Meanwhile, the survey questionnaire used a four-point Likert scale for simplification and to collect specific responses from respondents without misleading the respondents. This four-point likert scale has been practised by previous studies such as Tawalbeh [5] and Hashim and Yunus [6] , among others. In addition, this four-point likert scales represent question items related to consumption expenditures such as food, apparel, transportation, residential, health, education, recreation, loans and communication, with a score value 1 to 4 (never, rarely, frequent and very frequent) as suggested by Maraolo et al. [7] .
Based on Fig. 1 , the highest score of the level of sustainable consumption among Malaysian Muslim households are low with 379 number of respondents (59.7%), followed by moderate (39.7%) with 252 respondents and 2 for very low and high with 0.31% respectively. Table 3 shows the factors contributing to sustainable consumption among Malaysian Muslim households. Multiple regression methods are used in estimating the sustainable consumption (as independent variables) as well as gender, age, employment, education, health, marital status, income and saving (as dependent variables). With multiple regression the relationship is described using a variation of the equation of a straight line.
The multiple regression equation explained above takes the following form: Here, β i 's (i = 1, 2 … 8) are the regression coefficients, which represent the value at which the criterion variable changes when the predictor variable changes. The beta value is used in measuring how effectively the predictor variable influences the criterion variable, it is measured in terms of standard deviation. .0 0 0 * * * * Significant level at 0.10. * * Significant level at 0.05. * * * Significant level at 0.01.

Experimental Design, Materials and Methods
The researcher adopted a survey research design to obtain data from 635 Malaysian households in eight districts in Terengganu (urban and rural areas). Data were gathered by means of a structured questionnaire (Appendix 1). The data were qualitatively analysed and presented in Tables 1 , 2 , 3 and Fig. 1 .

Ethics Statement
Ethical consideration in the research process was ensured because administering the questionnaires to respondents was based on their willingness to respond to the research instrument.

Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing for financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. staff and students for logistics and administrative support during the fieldwork. We also acknowledge Universiti Malaysia Terengganu for its financial support (vote 210 0 0 for travel).