Experimental data on demographic, functional and structures of patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-dementia

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that includes behavioural and cognitive manifestations generated by genetic or environmental factors, caused by a dysfunction of the dopaminergic system which contributes to the genesis of psychosis, producing a profound effect on affected individuals and society [6]. In this work, demographic data, neuropsychological profiles and measurements of brain morphometry, using Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI), of three groups of patients are presented. A control group with 15 patients, a schizophrenic without dementia group with 10 patients, and a schizophrenic with dementia group with 10 patients constituted the observed sample. Results of 21 neuropsychological tests and 11 brain structure measurements are included. The data set is a comprehensive source for advancing in a further understanding of schizophrenia and schizophrenia-dementia neuro-pathologies.


a b s t r a c t
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that includes behavioural and cognitive manifestations generated by genetic or environmental factors, caused by a dysfunction of the dopaminergic system which contributes to the genesis of psychosis, producing a profound effect on affected individuals and society [6] . In this work, demographic data, neuropsychological profiles and measurements of brain morphometry, using Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI), of three groups of patients are presented. A control group with 15 patients, a schizophrenic without dementia group with 10 patients, and a schizophrenic with dementia group with 10 patients constituted the observed sample. Results of 21 neuropsychological tests and 11 brain structure measurements are included. The data set is a comprehensive source for advancing in a further understanding of schizophrenia and schizophrenia-dementia neuro-pathologies.  Table   Subject Medicine::Medicine (General) Specific subject area Psychiatry Type of data Figure and table How data were acquired Two general scanning tests were used, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE). Additionally, to confirm or rule out the presence of a dementia state, the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale and the Hachinski Ischemic Score were administered. All participants also answered the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale, with the aim of analysing possible concomitance. In schizophrenic patients the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale in Schizophrenia (PANSS) was applied. To analyze the mnemic component, the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT), the King's Complex Figure test, and the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) were used. The Boston Naming Test was used to test language function. In relation to functions associated with the prefrontal cortex, the Trail Making Test -A (TMT -A), the Phonological Fluency test (Letter F and S), the Semantic Fluency test (animal fluency) and the Digit Spam test were applied. The Phonological Fluency test (Letter F and S) and the Semantic Fluency test (animal fluency) were used to assess mental flexibility and the ability to categorize. Regarding brain morphometry, Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) were acquired using a SIEMENS AVANTO scanner at the Fundación Valle del Lili, FreeSurfer recon-all, software suite, was used to cortical reconstruction process, using T2. Data format Raw and order statistics Parameters for data collection We included subjects who met the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, in the fifth edition (DSM-V), had a Mini Mental (MMSE) greater than or equal to 26 and a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score less than 0,5 for the schizophrenics without dementia group. The schizophrenics with dementia group met the DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia, had a MMSE less than 26 and a CDR greater than 1. The control group had no history of mental illness and the MMSE was greater than 26 and the CDR was 0. Exclusion criteria for all patients were history of other neurological diseases such as epilepsy, stroke, history of head trauma, HIV infection or neurological diseases. Description of data collection A sample of 35 patients 10 schizophrenics without dementia, 10 schizophrenics with dementia, and 15 without schizophrenia and dementia as a control group was selected with a non-probability sampling. All individuals were over 45 years of age, were ambulatory and were recruited at the Hospital Psiquiátrico Universitario del Valle, in Cali -Colombia (schizophrenics without dementia and with dementia groups) and at the Fundación Valle del Lili (control group). The control group was taken from a study of the progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment. The onset of symptoms was before 30 years of age in all patients. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Universidad del Valle and the Fundación Valle del Lili and all individuals signed the informed consent form before being included in the study.
( continued on next page )

Value of the Data
• Neuropsychological profiles and measurements of brain morphometry may provide an opportunity for better understanding relations between brain morphology and cognitive function. • Magnetic Resonance Images, commonly used to visually supporting diagnostics, may be extended to a source of measurements of brain morphometry for modeling longitudinal changes in brain structure. • Data presented in this work may be used in researches on neurological sciences, psychiatry and related areas. • From a clinical point of view data gives important information on cognitive profile from people with schizophrenia and dementia.

Data Description
Data presented in this work includes demographic basic information and the results of 21 neuropsychological tests and 172 measurements of brain morphometry by side (344 both sides) derived from 35 patients distributed as follow: a control group with 15 patients (9 female and 6 male), a schizophrenics without dementia group with 10 patients (5 female and 5 male) and a schizophrenics with dementia group with 10 patients (4 female and 6 male). The demographic data is presented using box-plots, in Fig. 1 Test -A (TMT -A), the Phonological Fluency test (Letter F and S), the Semantic Fluency test (animal fluency) (SFT), the Digit Spam test (DST). An inside of the purposes of these tests is in Table 1 .
The scores of HVLT Palabras de Rey total recall, Rey Figure-Copy and FCSRT total recall score tests are presented using box-plots, in Fig. 2 , to illustrate data distribution. Table 2 presents order statistics -where Q1 is the first quartile, Q2 is the second quartile and Q3 is the third quartile -of the obtained scores of the neuropsychological tests per group. Original data is available at https://zenodo.org/record/3901876#.Xu1w2G5FxPb .
MRI scans were taken using a Siemens Avanto 1,5 Tesla MRI scanner, at the Diagnostic Images Unit of the Fundación Valle del Lili. FreeSurfer was used to measure brain morphometry on MRI. Tables 3 to 12 present order statistics of the brain morphometry measurements by side per    group -where Q1 is the first quartile, Q2 is the second quartile and Q3 is the third quartile.

Experimental Design, Materials, and Methods
An observational, descriptive-comparative study was conducted from an exploratory perspective. Considering the characteristics of the study, only ambulatory patients were included.

Sampling design
Population: Patients schizophrenic without dementia and schizophrenic with dementia from Hospital Psiquiátrico Universitario del Valle and control patients from the Fundación Valle del Lili. Sampling strategy: Stratified non-random, three strata were considered: control group, schizophrenia without dementia and schizophrenia with dementia. Sample size: 35 patients were distributed into: 15 control group, 10 schizophrencs without dementia and 10 schizophrenics with dementia. Sample sex distribution: control group {9 Females, 6 Males}, schizophrenics without dementia group {5 Females, 5 Males}, schizophrenics with dementia group {4 Females, 6 Males}. Sample features: The control group was taken from the Mild Cognitive Impairment progression study. The onset of symptoms was before age 30 in all patients. Patients in the schizophrenics without dementia group were included who met the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in the fifth edition (DSM-V) for schizophrenia, had a mini-mental (MMSE) greater than or equal to 26 and a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of less than 0,5 (Non-Dementia), Patients in the schizophrenics with dementia group met the DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia and had an MMSE less than 26 and a CDR greater

Neuropsychological tests
Two general screening tests were used for neuropsychological assessment, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein 1975) and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) (Bak 2007). These tests allowed an overall assessment of the patients' cognitive performance, as  It is important to consider that both tests quantify short-term memory and are not sensitive for measuring the ability to consolidate information in the long term. The Boston Naming Test (Kaplan 1983) was used to test language function. In addition to directly examining the subject's nominative capacity, this test implicitly indicates the degree of deterioration or preservation of semantic memory.
In relation to the functions associated predominantly with the prefrontal cortex, the Trail Making Test -A (TMT -A) (Army Individual Test Battery 1944), the phonological fluency test (Letter F and S), the semantic fluency test (animal fluency) and the Digit Spam test were applied. The TMT-A directly assesses visual attention, and indirectly evaluates the ability to sequence, plan and structure short-term goals. The Phonological Fluency Test (Letter F and    S) (Belleville 2017) and the Semantic Fluency Test (animal fluency) assess mental flexibility and the ability to categorize, however, it is also a tool for the analysis of verbal function and semantic memory. Finally, the Digit Spam test is a task involved in the assessment of working memory.
The assessments were carried out by Dr. Carlos Gonzalez and his students at the Hospital Psiquiatrico Universitario del Valle in Cali, Colombia.

Brain morphometry
Images acquisition: MRI scans were taking at the Image Diagnostic Unit of the Fundación Valle del Lili, in July 2017, using a SIEMENS Avanto 1,5 T with the following characteristics: Series description: t2_flair_blade_tra, Series number Images processing: Cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation was performed with the FreeSurfer version V6 image analysis suite, which is available online at http: //surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/ [5] . FreeSurfer's cortical segmentation provides measures of surface area, cortical thickness, gray matter volume, white matter volume, and cortical mean curvature. Volumes, in mm 3 , were obtained using FreeSurfer's subcortical segmentation.
Using longitudinal recon-all, images were processed with the longitudinal stream [8] to extract volume estimates. Initially a registration is done [7] . After that, several processing steps, such as skull stripping, Talairach transforms, atlas registration as well as spherical surface maps and parcellations are done [8] . After running recon-all, the separate hippocampus/amygdala pipelines was used for segmentation of the subcortical white matter and deep gray matter volumetric structures (including hippocampus, amygdala) [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 9 ]. Finally, Thalamus segmentation was done after running recon-all [2] .
The FreeSurfer uses the following abbreviations:

Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relations that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
• Mini mental state examination (MMSE) less than 26 • Clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia before the age of 30 • Meet DSM V criteria for major neurocognitive disorder: • Evidence of significant cognitive decline compared to previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains (complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, motor perceptual ability, or social cognition) based on: Concern in the individual himself, in an informant who knows him or in the clinician, because there has been a significant decline in a cognitive function and A substantial decline in cognitive performance, preferably documented by a standardized neuropsychological test or, failing that, by another quantitative clinical assessment. • Cognitive deficits interfere with an individual's autonomy in daily activities (i.e., he or she needs assistance with complex instrumental activities of daily living, such as paying bills or complying with treatments). a Two (or more) of the following symptoms, each present for a significant part of the time over a period of one month (or less if successfully treated). At least one of them must be (1), (2), or (3): 1. 2. hallucinations 3. disorganized speech (e.g., frequent disintegration or incoherence) 4. highly disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or abulia) b For a significant portion of time since the onset of the disorder, the level of functioning in one or more major domains, such as work, interpersonal relationships, or personal care, is well below the level achieved before the onset (or, when it begins in childhood or adolescence, fails to achieve the expected level of interpersonal, academic, or work functioning). c Continuous signs of the disorder persist for at least six months. This six-month period must include at least one month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet the first criterion (a.) (i.e., active phase symptoms) and may include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms. During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disorder may be manifested by negative symptoms only or by two or more symptoms listed in Criterion A being present in an attenuated form (e.g., bizarre beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences). d Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because i no major manic or depressive episodes have occurred concurrently with the activephase symptoms, or ii if mood episodes have occurred during the active-phase symptoms, they have been present for only a minimal portion of the total duration of the active and residual periods of illness. e The disorder cannot be attributed to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug or medication) or to another medical condition. f If there is a history of an autism spectrum disorder of a childhood-onset communication disorder, further diagnosis of schizophrenia is only made if the noticeable delusions or hallucinations, in addition to the other symptoms required for schizophrenia, are also present for at least one month (or less if successfully treated). • Not meeting DSM V criteria for major neurocognitive disorder: a Evidence of significant cognitive decline compared to previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains (complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, motor perceptual ability, or social cognition) based on: i Concern in the individual himself, in an informant who knows him or in the clinician, because there has been a significant decline in a cognitive function and ii A substantial decline in cognitive performance, preferably documented by a standardized neuropsychological test or, failing that, by another quantitative clinical assessment. b Cognitive deficits interfere with an individual's autonomy in daily activities (i.e., he or she needs assistance with complex instrumental activities of daily living, such as paying bills or complying with treatments). c Cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of a confusional syndrome. d Cognitive deficits are not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., major depressive disorder, schizophrenia). • Score of 0.5 or 0 on the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale • To coincide with the other two groups in terms of socio-demographic variables: schooling, laterality, ethnicity, place of residence, etc. • Sign the informed consent.
Control subjects: • Women and men over 45 years of age.
• Mini mental state examination (MMSE) greater than or equal to 26 • No clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia.
• Not meeting DSM V criteria for major neurocognitive disorder: a Evidence of significant cognitive decline compared to previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains (complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, motor perceptual ability, or social cognition) based on: i Concern in the individual himself/herself, in an informant who knows him/her or in the clinician, because there has been a significant decline in a cognitive function and ii A substantial decline in cognitive performance, preferably documented by a standardized neuropsychological test or, failing that, by another quantitative clinical assessment. b Cognitive deficits interfere with an individual's autonomy in daily activities (i.e., he or she needs assistance with complex instrumental activities of daily living, such as paying bills or complying with treatments). c Cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of a confusional syndrome. d Cognitive deficits are not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., major depressive disorder, schizophrenia). • Score of 0 on the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale • To coincide with the other two groups in terms of socio-demographic variables: schooling, laterality, ethnicity, place of residence, etc. • Sign the informed consent.

Exclusion criteria
Schizophrenic subjects without and with dementia: • History of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, stroke, and other neurodegenerative disorders • History of traumatic brain injury • History of HIV positive or neurosyphilis • Subjects who are claustrophobic, have anxiety problems, or any other condition that prevents collaboration during the MRI • Subjects with orthodontic material, aneurysm clips, or any metal implant • Subjects with recent tattoos on their face or neck as some inks used have characteristics that alter the intensity of the signal • Recent metal prostheses, or pacemakers Control subjects: • History of mental illness with psychotic symptoms • History of dementia • History of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, stroke, and other neurodegenerative disorders • History of traumatic brain injury • History of HIV positive or neurosyphilis • Subjects who are claustrophobic, have anxiety problems, or any other condition that prevents collaboration during the MRI • Subjects with orthodontic material, aneurysm clips, or any metal implant • Subjects with recent tattoos on their face or neck • Recent metal prostheses, or pacemakers