Data of the maximum solid solubility limits of binary systems of elements

This paper gives the available data for the maximum equilibrium solubility limits of each of the first 83 elements (H to Bi) of the periodic table in each of the others. This is expressed in the form of the maximum value of the equilibrium solid solubility for terminal solid solutions, expressed in atomic percentage (at%), occurring at any temperature where the room temperature phase of the pure element acting as the solvent is stable. The values thus represent the compatibility between different elements in the formation of alloys and similar combinations, and will be of use for research into fundamental solid state physics relating to elemental interactions, for the interpretation of phase structures in materials research and for the design of alloys and materials involving elemental mixing of the elements.


a b s t r a c t
This paper gives the available data for the maximum equilibrium solubility limits of each of the first 83 elements (H to Bi) of the periodic table in each of the others. This is expressed in the form of the maximum value of the equilibrium solid solubility for terminal solid solutions, expressed in atomic percentage (at%), occurring at any temperature where the room temperature phase of the pure element acting as the solvent is stable. The values thus represent the compatibility between different elements in the formation of alloys and similar combinations, and will be of use for research into fundamental solid state physics relating to elemental interactions, for the interpretation of phase structures in materials research and for the design of alloys and materials involving elemental mixing of the elements.

Data
The data presented in this article are for the maximum equilibrium solubility limits of each of the first 83 elements (H to Bi) in each of the others. These are taken to be the maximum value of solid solubility for the terminal solid solutions, expressed in atomic percentage (at%), occurring at any temperature where the room temperature phase of the pure element acting as the solvent is stable. The values thus represent the compatibility between different elements in the formation of alloys and similar combinations, with higher values indicating a greater compatibility. A value of 100 at% indicates complete solid solubility, while a value of 0 at% indicates immiscibility in the solid state. The data are E-mail address: r.goodall@sheffield.ac.uk.

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Data in brief j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / lo c a t e / d i b presented in the form of a table, with each of the elements listed in order. Each row corresponds to a particular element acting as a solvent, and the columns show the solubility of each of the other elements as a solute in the system. Values have been given to the precision of the original measurements or predictive output on which the assessment is made. Data have been found for 3787 systems, and where no values are reported, the cell is left blank. The full data set is summarized below in 4 tables (see Tables 1e4) (split in this manner for legibility in the print version), each showing a quadrant of the overall matrix, while the complete table of the Raw data is included in Excel form for ease of data reuse in the Supplementary Material.

Experimental design, materials, and methods
The data presented have been obtained by an analysis of binary phase diagrams, obtained by a thorough survey of the literature. The majority of the diagrams used have been taken from major reference works on the subject [1e3], with the most recent report in each case taking precedence. Additional reports of mutually insoluble pairs and some more up to date data have been taken from the wider literature, with the full sources identified with the data (accessible with the Excel file containing the complete data). In each case, the reported data have been assessed to ensure a good standard of confidence is maintained, allowing phase diagrams derived from experimental investigation and those generated by thermodynamic calculation, but ensuring in either case that the reports are sufficiently detailed and supported by reference to wider literature. In some cases, maximum solubility limits are reported explicitly, and these are then taken to the accuracy at which they are reported. In other cases, where the diagrams only are shown they are graphically analyzed to determine the relevant values, which are given to the precision of other values provided in that study, or the dimensions of the relevant line, whichever is the lesser. All values are given in atomic percent, and where originally given in weight percent they are converted using the standard atomic masses of the elements concerned. Where no data have been found, the corresponding cells have been left blank.

Value of the Data
Many phase diagrams showing the equilibrium structures formed when mixing pairs of elements have been assessed, yet, while these are available individually, collected data across all systems, such as presented here, are not accessible without time consuming search. Solubility data for the solid phase allows interpretation and prediction of the behavior of elements combined into alloys. It is therefore of great use in physical metallurgy and alloy design, with application to the development of new materials including lightweight structural alloys, high temperature alloys, High Entropy Alloys, materials for hydrogen storage and novel functional materials such as permanent magnets, thermoelectric and magnetocaloric materials, as examples.
The collation of this data displays the underlying trends arising from the role of the electronic structure in alloying (as displayed in the periodic table), and analysis of the data may reveal further detail and exceptions to established trends, the study of which may lead to refinement of theory in solid state physics.
Specifications Table   Subject area Chemistry More specific subject area Materials Science Type of data Where not already reported, diagrams were graphically analyzed for solubility data Data source location University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Data accessibility Raw data included in article, see Excel file in supplementary material Table 1 Maximum equilibrium solubility limits in binary systems involving the first 42 elements (H to Mo) as both the solvent and the solute. Data are shown as the solubility limit, in atomic percent (at.%) of the element "B" in element "A".            Table 4 Maximum equilibrium solubility limits in binary systems involving elements 43 to 83 (Tc to Bi) as both the solvent and the solute. Data are shown as the solubility limit, in atomic percent (at.%) of the element "B" in element "A".