Dataset on marine ecosystem services supplied by coral reefs, sandy beaches and coastal lagoons in different eutrophication states

This data article provides indicators of Ecosystem Service (ES) supply for coral reefs, sandy beaches and coastal lagoons in different ecological states regarding eutrophication. 14 ES are considered: food through fisheries; material; molecules; coastal protection; nutrient regulation; pathogen regulation; climate regulation; support of recreational and leisure activities; contribution to a pleasant landscape; contribution to culture and territorial identity; emblematic biodiversity; habitat; trophic networks; recruitment. For each ecosystem 3 to 4 eutrophication states are described. Indicators of ES supply are filled on the basis of a literature review supplemented with expert-knowledge. A semi-quantification of the indicator value is finally provided. Tendencies and trade-offs between ES are analyzed in How does eutrophication impact bundles of ecosystem services in multiple coastal habitats using state-and-transition models [1].

eutrophication impact bundles of ecosystem services in multiple coastal habitats using state-and-transition models [1].
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Data
The dataset contains qualitative description of ES provided by coral reefs, sandy beaches and coastal lagoons in different eutrophication states. Three to four eutrophication states are considered, from non-eutrophic to hyper-eutrophic state. 14 ES are considered: food through fisheries; material; molecules; coastal protection; nutrient regulation; pathogen regulation; climate regulation; support of recreational and leisure activities; contribution to a pleasant landscape; contribution to culture and territorial identity; emblematic biodiversity; habitat; trophic networks; recruitment. The capacity of the ecosystem to provide ES is described for each ES in each eutrophication state using qualitative information collected in the literature completed by expert-knowledge. Data are presented in double entry matrix (ES/eutrophication states) for coral reefs (Table 1), sandy beaches (Table 2), coastal lagoons (Table 3). These capacities -or supplies -are finally semi-quantified in order to compare them in the bundle.
Specifications Table [please fill in right-hand column of the table below]

Subject area
Environmental management More specific subject area Ecosystem services and biodiversity Type of data Value of the data The dataset is useful for understanding the relations between ecological functions, ecological states and ES. Scientific can benefit from this data to carry out ES assessment or to inform decision-making processes and management strategies regarding eutrophication. Practitioners and policy-makers can benefit from this data to adopt management strategies or measures for biodiversity conservation.
The data provide a first overview of the effects of eutrophication on ES bundles and can serve as a basis for a larger database. The data can be used for further insight the trade-offs and synergies between ES and can be used for modelling. The dataset helps to build relationships between disparate data on the effect of eutrophication on ecological function and ES. Table 1 Indicators and semi-quantification (SQ) of ES supply for coral reefs in 3 eutrophication states ("0: inexistent", "1: very low", "2: low", "3: medium", "4: high", "5: very high").

Experimental design, materials and methods
For each ecosystem, eutrophication states are described by dominant species and associated biodiversity. First eutrophication state of coral reefs is characterized by the dominance of hard corals [1]. Other benthic communities present are algal turfs, crustose coralline algae, sponges and benthic cyanobacterial mats [2]. The increasing pressure leads to the development of algal turfs and fleshy macroalgae which are fast-growing organisms and a gradual decline of coral cover [3], in particular from competitive losses against algae under conditions of reduced herbivory [4]. With a continuous Table 2 Indicators and semi-quantification (SQ) of ES supply for sandy beaches in 3 eutrophication states ("0: inexistent", "1: very low", "2: low", "3: medium", "4: high", "5: very high").  [20] are often unpalatable to fishes. Mesopredators can switch prey, shortening food chains, in response to coral reef degradation [21] shortening food chains, in response to coral reef degradation [21] a However, chemical defense could lessen in absence of consumers. For example, sponge communities have become dominated by fast-growing species that lack chemical defenses on reefs where sponge-eating angelfishes and parrotfishes have been removed by overfishing [14].  Table 3 Indicators and semi-quantification (SQ) of ES supply for coastal lagoons in 4 eutrophication states ("0: inexistent", "1: very low", "2: low", "3: medium", "4: high", "5: very high"). and increasing pressure, benthic cyanobacterial mats increase and become dominant at the expense of algal turfs and macroalgae while sponges showed a more limited but significant increase. Benthic cyanobacteria mats benefit from increased levels of nutrient [5] but also from high grazing pressure and elevated water temperature [6]. First eutrophication state of sandy beaches is described by groups of species defined as reference species living in a non-eutrophic ecosystem, where no green tides occur [1]. In some French Atlantic sandy beaches, these reference species, for marine benthic macrofauna, are part of Tellinidae, Spionidae, Amphiuridae and Nephtyidae families [7]. The continuous supply of nutrients (exogenous inputs or release from sediments) causes a slight excess and leads to the gradual development of green algae. As a response, dominant species change in this eutrophic ecosystem with an appearance of new dominant species (Donacidae, Oweniidae, Magelonidae) and the decrease, even the disappearance, of some reference species (Tellinidae, Spionidae, Amphiuridae) [7]. Where hydrodynamic conditions are favorable, the massive supply of nutrients leads to the massive and rapid development of green algae forming green tides. Species of reference have disappeared in favor of species (Donacidae, Oweniidae) better adapted to eutrophic conditions. First eutrophication state of primary production of coastal lagoon is characterized by a dominance of reference species that are typical of a lagoon environment in oligotrophic conditions [1]. For French Mediterranean coastal lagoons, the reference genus are the marine phanerogams Zostera and Ruppia which form seagrass beds, and perennial benthic macroalgae (eg. Cystoseira sp., Acetabularia sp.) [8,9]. The continuous supply of nutrients causes a slight excess and leads to the gradual disappearance of the reference species and the slow and sustainable development of algae [10]. The second state is dominated by a dominance of opportunistic and epiphytic macroalgae. The massive supply of nutrients leads to the massive and rapid dominance of free-floating blooming opportunistic algae. In the most eutrophicated systems, phytoplankton community dominates the water column.
We used the classification of the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and the list of marine ES defined by Liquete et al. [11] to defined the ES constituting bundles. The main distinction between these classifications concerns supporting services or ecological functions. These latter are the underpinning structures and processes that ultimately give rise to ecosystem servicessometimes defined as 'intermediate services'. They are not covered in CICES which seeks to only identify the final services that link to the goods and benefits that are valued by people (i.e. demand). Since we focus here on the ES supply, main ecological functions are considered as recommended by Liquete et al. [11].
Each step involved a literature review regarding ecosystem responses to eutrophication that was supplemented with expert-knowledge. The literature review encompassed knowledge obtained and disseminated on a global scale, while expert knowledge focused on data observed on a more local scale, based on their field studies. However, experts had a good understanding of these ecosystems which allowed them to pronounce in a qualitative way where data gaps were identified. All information were compiled within Table 1. Information was then coded to summarize the variation of ES supply between states. Five levels of ES supplied were considered: "0: inexistent", "1: very low", "2: low", "3: medium", "4: high", "5: very high".