Evaluation of raw material extraction, processing, construction and disposal of cement and concrete products: datasets and calculations

To evaluate the material flows associated with construction and demolition in different countries it is necessary to have a consistent set of data. However, data collected by regulators and governments differ and this study used concrete as a case in point. Concrete is a significant man-made material in construction whose use reflects socio-economic variation between countries. Flows of natural components, cement and aggregates, are investigated from extraction to final disposal following demolition (Tangtinthai et al., 2019). The housing sector dominates the use of concrete in urbanized areas and greatly reflects socio-economic and resource extraction issues. To compare concrete stock, use and policies of contrasting countries the data from Thailand and Great Britain (GB) are considered, but as reported they differ for each country. We present here the results of the calculations required to generate an internally consistent database for Great Britain and for Thailand that enables an informed materials flow analysis to be undertaken on materials consumed and generated during construction and demolition of concrete structures. The research methodology and calculations for national cement and concrete production (including clinker, cement kiln dust, gypsum, and aggregates) and the resulting datasets help to make projections that shape policy requirements for Thailand and other emerging economies as reported in (Tangtinthai et al., 2019).


a b s t r a c t
To evaluate the material flows associated with construction and demolition in different countries it is necessary to have a consistent set of data. However, data collected by regulators and governments differ and this study used concrete as a case in point. Concrete is a significant man-made material in construction whose use reflects socio-economic variation between countries. Flows of natural components, cement and aggregates, are investigated from extraction to final disposal following demolition (Tangtinthai et al., 2019). The housing sector dominates the use of concrete in urbanized areas and greatly reflects socio-economic and resource extraction issues. To compare concrete stock, use and policies of contrasting countries the data from Thailand and Great Britain (GB) are considered, but as reported they differ for each country. We present here the results of the calculations required to generate an internally consistent database for Great Britain and for Thailand that enables an informed materials flow analysis to be undertaken on materials consumed and generated during construction and demolition of concrete structures. The research methodology and calculations for national cement and concrete production (including clinker, cement kiln dust, gypsum, and aggregates) and the resulting datasets help to make projections that shape policy requirements for Thailand and other emerging economies as reported in (Tangtinthai et al., 2019

Data
The data presented here are calculated for use in material flow analysis. First, the raw material inputs for cement manufacture are calculated for both the UK and Thailand, based on the stoichiometry of the calcining reaction ( Table 1). The raw materials required to produce clinker are given in Table 2. Corresponding quantities of raw materials for UK and Thai clinker production are given in Table 3. Cement production requires fuel, in amounts that depend on the process used (Table 4). Finally, overall production, imports and exports of clinker are summarised in Table 5.
Secondly, inputs required to make concrete are provided by either using data from referenced sources, or calculations based on technical proportions. Table 6 gives estimates of cement quantities, which then feed into use for mortar (Table 7) and for concrete (Table 8).
Finally, quantities of concrete stocks in housing and other construction types are calculated (Table 9).

Research methodologies, datasets and calculations
We utilize knowledge of the chemical reactions involved in calcination [4] to estimate amounts, where statistical data are lacking, of raw materials used in the clinker and cement manufacturing Value of the data This Data in Brief provides a consistent set of data for material flow associated with cement and concrete. The approach taken here has wide geographical application and enables policy formulation to be based on evidence.
The data facilitate policy development relating to waste and resource management in countries with rapid urban growth.
processes. Data for the year 2012 for national cement production in Great Britain (data are available for Great Britain, not the United Kingdom, which consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and Thailand are combined with quantities for coarse and fine aggregate use, assuming similar mixing ratios for Great Britain and Thailand. Data for components such as fuels (conventional and alternative)   a Based on production of 6.67 t CKD by-product per 100 t clinker [5].    a Overall, it is assumed that 5% of cement is used for purposes such as soil and pH stabilisation [12]; the corresponding figure for Great Britain is 3% [13]. This study uses the Great Britain proportion and assumes the same proportion to estimate total mortar, halved to reflect different building practices. 1) Great Britain uses brick and block as a double masonry layer with an inside cavity [16], 2) Great Britain used 46% brick and 41% concrete & mortar by weight for residential building [17], 3) The main Thai construction materials are concrete (79.4% by weight) followed by 13% brick and 5.6% steel respectively [18]. 4) Thai C&D waste is 74.9e79.4% concrete by weight [19].
b Assumes same proportion of fine aggregate to Great Britain.  [19] and cement kiln dust (CKD), are derived from official statistics and publications from the global cement industry and annual recorded clinker production. The results are summarised in Tables 1e3 CO 2 emissions are calculated based on weight loss after mineral calcination and fuel combustion ( Table 4). Clinker quantities are used to calculate the equivalent amounts of cementitious products for import and export (Table 5). Table 6 summarises material quantities for cement trade for each country; Tables 7 and 8 give quantities for mortar and concrete used in construction. We calculate [1] the annual concrete flows for different construction sectors: single-residential building, multi-residential building, non-residential building and infrastructure, whose proportions are summarised in Table 9.
A brief comparison of national datasets such as population, economy, and urbanisation, building lifespan, policy and regulation [2,3] is described [1]. The calculations presented lead to recommendations and environmental taxes that are adapted from the EU and Great Britain and their impact, if implemented, on ASEAN countries is described [1]. Table 9 Proportions of construction and concrete use (2012).