Data of thematic analysis of farmer׳s use behavior of recycled industrial wastewater

Farmers are concerned in the chemical supply chain (manufacturers, vendors, workers, and consumers) of the agricultural products through their understandings of the safety information (i.e. reading labels such as skull and crossbones symbols, volatile organic compound logo or the fish and tree symbol) and the factors influence misuse of irrigation and disposal behavior. Having recognized a methodological gap, this contribution was intended to investigate qualitatively (textural analysis) the determinants of the use behavior (UB) of farmers irrigating their lands by the recycled industrial wastewater (RIWW) (Aljerf, 2018) [1] using the exploratory investigation based on the single embedded case design. Such combined analytical methods enabled us to achieve both detailed insights into perceptions, behaviors, and an objective understanding of the prevailing opinions that occurred within and between the focus farmers group׳ discussions related around awareness, trust, access and disposal actions within the supply chain. Using the snowball sampling approach, verbal data were collected from 55 Syrian farmers. 5 × 11,000 US gallons (43,900 L) of the RIWW were delivered to each farmer upon request between May and October 2017. After a month of each distribution, the participant farmer was interviewed. To increase the validity of the data, method triangulation was implemented which encompassed participant observation, group debates, and unstructured interviews. The hermeneutic units were analyzed using the pattern-matching method in the Atlas.ti software (version 6.0.15) and the grounded concepts (determinants) were investigated to establish the hypothetical framework at three levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional.


a b s t r a c t
Farmers are concerned in the chemical supply chain (manufacturers, vendors, workers, and consumers) of the agricultural products through their understandings of the safety information (i.e. reading labels such as skull and crossbones symbols, volatile organic compound logo or the fish and tree symbol) and the factors influence misuse of irrigation and disposal behavior. Having recognized a methodological gap, this contribution was intended to investigate qualitatively (textural analysis) the determinants of the use behavior (UB) of farmers irrigating their lands by the recycled industrial wastewater (RIWW) (Aljerf, 2018) [1] using the exploratory investigation based on the single embedded case design. Such combined analytical methods enabled us to achieve both detailed insights into perceptions, behaviors, and an objective understanding of the prevailing opinions that occurred within and between the focus farmers group' discussions related around awareness, trust, access and disposal actions within the supply chain. Using the snowball sampling approach, verbal data were collected from 55 Syrian farmers. 5 Â 11,000 US gallons (43,900 L) of the RIWW were delivered to each farmer upon request between May and October 2017. After a month of each distribution, the participant farmer was interviewed. To increase the validity of the data, method triangulation was implemented which encompassed participant observation, group debates, and unstructured interviews. The hermeneutic units were analyzed using the pattern-matching method in the Atlas.ti software (version

Value of the data
With a fairly care to the local legislation, the collaborated farmers in this Syrian case did not utilize well water treatment system (as for Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) and general waterborne transmission) for irrigation before, so the researcher analyzed the (RIWW-UB) use behavior at three levels i.e. the intrapersonal, institutional, and organizational of wastewater production and inducted the grounded concepts using the exploratory investigation.
Imitation, habit, and social learning were the main concepts that fitted the social cognitive model (SCM) ( Table 1), where understanding societal perceptions was essential to effectively engaging with the consumptive community and informing an improved approach to future pro-environmental engagement and behavior.
We noticed that environmental impact was neglected or overlooked, possibly due to the fact that programs as fertilization and clean irrigation are generally not funded and pollution prevention programs require a shift in thinking. That is why farmer's capacity engagement in a regular risk management was reduced by limited perceptions of risk susceptibility and severity, impeding cues to action and barrier concerns. So, the solution could be prescribed by enhancing factors granted as financial support, training programs (i.e. sustainable environmental management practices, change behavior practices), rewards systems for irrigation with clean-recycled wastewater and improvement of standards.
The use of RIWW had qualitative-, legal-(i.e. eco-tax payment) and financial aspects, in addition to stakeholders as farmer's involvement with effective cooperation as a joint-force.
Farmers had expectations for high-quality water treatment conducted in a manner that increases their products' consumer confidence.

Data
There is no paper discussed any aspects of RIWW management in the literature including its use intensity, use behavior (UB), and decisions about its reusage. In addition, there is no paper has provided the quantitative and cross-sectional data attained by even simple methods and tools, i.e. survey  In conflict with polluter-pays principle Sustainability foresight projects [2] broaden our developed processes of ecological assessment and enhance strategic orientation Demanding of eco-tax efficiency Danger of windfall gains politically expedient In case of heterogeneous pollution in the RIWW which respond to price signals When there are important knowledge spillovers When industry suffers a competitive disadvantage due to less strict regulations in other countries and structured questionnaires. The primary data were collected which helped to make a SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis of the developed method (Table 2).

SWOT analysis
See Table 1.

Method triangulation
The interviewees were allowed to unburden whatever perceived about the RIWW use and the unstructured interviews were registered. In this regard, new questions were designed and updated continually. To understand the RIWW-UB, the method triangulation have been implemented, i.e. the multiple sources of evidence that include (i) unstructured interviews, (ii) group debates, and (iii) participant observation. Moreover, the hermeneutic units were analyzed using the pattern matching approach in the Atlas.ti software (version 6.0.15). The text materials were pieced together to expand the relevant categories. Then, more detailed analysis of the characteristics and relations among the categories using the conceptual focusing were developed. Fig. 2 shows the sequence of the grounded concepts and determinants of the RIWW-UB.

Method boundary for categorizing RIWW appeal
The classifications of the RIWW appeal are described in details in Tables 2-4. Table 2 The compositional structure of the consequences of RIWW reuse category.

Consequences of RIWW reuse
Farmers' attitudes towards RIWW reuse involved an evaluation of the benefits and the risks associated with the distribution of returned pollutants to consumers: Potential advantages of RIWW reuse A. Economic impact on the national health services administration followed by the ministry of health (NHSA-MH).

Behavioral models
The behavioral models were reviewed which have a potential to explain the RIWW-UB.
2.4.1.1. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Constructs in the TPB (Fig. 3) were not adequate to investigate the pro-environmental behaviors because the adoption of an environmental behavior was associated with the values and ethical frameworks. We had extended and added up new concepts to the TPB, e.g., moral norm, environmental values, environmental consciousness, social identity, environmental concern and knowledge, moral obligation, and habits. These concepts (Table 5) were affected the intentions and the behaviors of the farmers. The environmental ethics, beliefs, and consciousness impacted the adoption of green practices in agriculture.

Innovation Diffusion Model (IDM).
The method of diffusion process was designed to include four key components: (A) innovation, (B) communication channel, (C) time, and (D) social system. The perceived innovation characteristics that influenced adoption were the advantage, testability, compatibility, complexity, and observability. Furthermore, the innovation-decision process consisted of five points: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. The variables that influenced farmer's knowledge were personality characteristics, e.g., the general attitude towards change, social characteristics, e.g., cosmopolitanism, and perceived need for innovation. The social system also included social norms, tolerance of deviance, and communication integration (Table 5).

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).
This proposed model was connected to the perceived ease of use (PEU) and perceived usefulness (PU) which affected the intention to use (ITU) directly (Table 5).

Social Cognitive Model (SCM).
According to the SCM (Table 5), the behavior is affected by the reciprocal interaction of the environmental (i.e. farmer's physical environment, reinforcement, observational learning), personal (i.e. outcome expectations, outcome expectancies, self-efficacy expectations), and behavioral factors (i.e. self-observation, self-judgment, and self-reaction).

2.4.2.
Conceptualizing RIWW use and the use behavior 2.4.2.1. Analysis levels of behavior. Attitudes, values, beliefs, and motives were perceived as the operating factors at the individual level of the farmers. Table 3 Compositional structure of 'Exemplar and anti-exemplar individuals and groups' category.

Exemplar and anti-exemplar individuals and groups
The groups of individuals or people whom the participants thought would or would not engage with and approve of RIWW reuse Individuals or groups of people who approve of RIWW reuse A. The Green movement Farmers' families, partners, relatives, and friends who 'think green'.
Environmentalists. The Green Party, the political organization.
B. The elderly • Those with a dislike of waste and an affinity for frugality.
Individuals or groups of people who disapprove of RIWW reuse A. Water companies Employees. Beneficiaries.

B. Taxpayers
• Taxpayers with a sense of entitlement (i.e. feudal lord). C. Vulnerable individuals (those making a decision for them) Babies. Children.

D. The elderly
Cautious individuals worried about safety. Terminally ill-patients. The logistics of RIWW reuse A. Collection and redistribution of RIWW 'on-site' within a water system setting ➢ Efficiency of resusage system of RIWW.
➢ Space for collection, processing, and storage of the RIWW. ➢ Hydrologists' time availability to conduct quality assurance of the RIWW. B. Collection and redistribution of RIWW 'off-site' ➢ Collection spots within the IWW-treatment plant unit (Fig. 1).
➢ Water inspection centers responsible for checking water for reusability.
➢ Water companies to be involved in funding and supporting reuse processes. C. Incentives for taking part in RIWW reuse ➢ Points reward system to encourage the return of RIWW after completeness of the industrialization process.
➢ Discount on water tax in industry to encourage the reuse of RIWW.  Most farmers just paid attention to their economic profitability and did not regard the environmental protection and health issues. Farmers were less empathy for others, as they frequently produced polluted agricultural products due to their misunderstanding of the human and physical environment (Supplementary Data). The direct outcomes of the UB hardly were observable for farmers since they had not a complete vision to imagine the consequence of the UB. II. Trust (see Table 4) Associated with the UB, high-quality RIWW [1] use started by providing farmers the accurate information that made them trusting the information provider (we) as one of the stakeholders in the supply chain.

III. Farmers' associations (FAs)
The Farmers' associations (FAs) were found suitable to interact with the other organizations and campaigns that could affect farmer's UB.

IV. Farm characteristics
Farm characteristics as arable soil quality, farm type, machinery, off-farm labor, and farm size were affected the RIWW overuse.

Institutional
(i) Agricultural input subsidies (ii) Checking-up RIWW characteristics (iii) Training (iv) Perceived uncertainty Under uncertain conditions, farmers made ex-ante decisions that impacted on their incomes on the one hand and on the risks on the other hand. Uncertainty was related to the unpredictability of the farm situations. Therefore, a remarkable part of the uncertainty relevant to the RIWW use was the fact that farmers could not see the overt consequences of this kind of water use. For this reason, they perceived the use of this water as an important and permanent way.