Time perspective and well-being: Swedish survey questionnaires and data

The data pertains 448 Swedes’ responses to questionnaires on time perspective (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory), temporal life satisfaction (Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale), affect (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule), and psychological well-being (Ryff׳s Scales of Psychological Well-Being—short version). The data was collected among university students and individuals at a training facility (see U. Sailer, P. Rosenberg, A.A. Nima, A. Gamble, T. Gärling, T. Archer, D. Garcia, 2014; [1]). Since there were no differences in any of the other background variables, but exercise frequency, all subsequent analyses were conducted on the 448 participants as one single sample. In this article we include the Swedish versions of the questionnaires used to operationalize the time perspective and well-being variables. The data is available, SPSS file, as Supplementary material in this article. We used the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm to input missing values. Little׳s Chi-Square test for Missing Completely at Random showed a χ2=67.25 (df=53, p=.09) for men and χ2=77.65 (df=72, p=.31) for women. These values suggested that the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm was suitable to use on this data for missing data imputation.


a b s t r a c t
The data pertains 448 Swedes' responses to questionnaires on time perspective (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory), temporal life satisfaction (Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale), affect (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule), and psychological well-being (Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being-short version). The data was collected among university students and individuals at a training facility (see U. Sailer, P. Rosenberg, A.A. Nima, A. Gamble, T. Gärling, T. Archer, D. Garcia, 2014; [1]). Since there were no differences in any of the other background variables, but exercise frequency, all subsequent analyses were conducted on the 448 participants as one single sample. In this article we include the Swedish versions of the questionnaires used to operationalize the time perspective and well-being variables. The data is available, SPSS file, as Supplementary material in this article. We used the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm to input missing values. Little's Chi-Square test for Missing Completely at Random showed a χ 2 ¼ 67.25 (df¼53, p¼ .09) for men and χ 2 ¼77.65 (df¼72, p¼.31) for women. These values suggested that the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm was suitable to use on this data for missing data imputation.  The study had a cross-sectional design

Experimental features
The main variables were time perspective, temporal life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and psychological well-being Data source location

Sweden
Data accessibility Data is within this article and as Supplementary material

Value of the data
This data can be employed for individual statistical analysis and meta-analysis. The data was collected in Sweden and has cultural diversity value. The questionnaires can be used for data collection among Swedish speaking participants.

Data
Questionnaires on time perspective (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory), temporal life satisfaction (Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale), affect (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule), and psychological well-being (Scales of Psychological Well-Being-short version) were answered by 453 individuals. Data screening and imputation left a total of 448 individuals [1].

Participants
The data were collected among 400 undergraduate students at a University in the West of Sweden (from which we obtained 324 valid responses corresponding to a 81% response rate) and 158 individuals at a training facility in the South of Sweden (from which we obtained 129 valid responses corresponding to a 82% response rate). The final sample consisted of 448 individuals (148 males and 300 females) with a mean age 29.74 years SD ¼12.86 years).

Questionnaires
The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory [2]. This instrument consists of 56 items (1 ¼strongly disagree, 5¼strongly agree) that measure five time dimensions: past positive (e.g., "It gives me pleasure to think about my past"), past negative (e.g., "I think about the good things that I have missed out on in my life"), present hedonistic (e.g., "Taking risks keeps my life from becoming boring"), present fatalistic (e.g., "Fate determines much in my life"), and future (e.g., "I believe that a person's day should be planned ahead each morning"). The Swedish version has been used and validated in previous and current studies [3,4] and its psychometric properties validated in many different languages, such as Portuguese [5], Lithuanian [6], and Spanish [7]. See Appendix 1.
The Temporal Satisfaction With Life Scale [8]. This scale comprises 15-items rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 ¼strongly disagree, 7¼strongly agree) organized in three subscales assessing past (e.g.," If I had my past to live over, I would change nothing"), present (e.g.,"I would change nothing about my current life"), and future life satisfaction (e.g., "There will be nothing that I will want to change about my future"). The Swedish version has been validated in earlier and current studies [9]. See Appendix 2.
The Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule [10]. This instrument requires participants to rate on 5point adjective scales to what extent (1 ¼ very slightly, 5¼extremely) during the last few weeks they experienced 10 positive and 10 negative affect. The positive affect scale includes adjectives such as strong, proud, and interested. The negative affect scale includes adjectives such as afraid, ashamed, and nervous. The Swedish version has been used in previous studies [11][12][13]. See Appendix 3.
Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being-short version [14]. These scales consist of 18 items, 3 items for each of the six dimensions of psychological well-being: self-acceptance (e.g., "I like most aspects of my personality"), personal growth (e.g., "For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing, and growth"), purpose in life ("Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of them"), environmental mastery (e.g., " I am quite good at managing the responsibilities of my daily life"), autonomy (e.g., "I have confidence in my own opinions, even if they are contrary to the general consensus"), and positive relations with others (e.g., "People would describe me as a giving person, willing to share my time with others"). The Swedish version has been used in previous studies [15,16]. Since the subscales have been found to have low reliability, the total psychological well-being score (i.e., the sum of the 18 items) is recommended as a better and more reliable measure [15]. Appendix 4.

Statistical treatment
We first conducted an independent t-test between the undergraduate and the gym groups using the background variables (i.e., education, sleeping problems, exercise frequency, and use of psychotropic drugs) as the dependent variables. We assumed that non-significant differences between the samples in most of these variables would justify merging them into one single sample. The results showed that the groups only differed on exercise frequency (t ¼4.65, df¼451, p o.001), the gym group reporting exercising more frequently (M¼ 4.06) than the undergraduate group (M¼3.59). Since there were no differences in any of the other background variables, all subsequent analyses were conducted on the 453 participants as one single sample.
We used the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm to input missing values. Little's Chi-Square test for Missing Completely at Random showed a χ 2 ¼67.25 (df¼ 53, p ¼.09) for men and χ 2 ¼77.65 (df ¼72, p ¼.31) for women. This suggested that the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm was suitable to use on this data. There are significant correlations between many of the variables, which potentially introduces multicollinearity. Thus, the data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in order to control for error measurement and collinearity among variables. Based on our research questions we conducted two SEM models, one of the relationship between time perspective and temporal satisfaction and the other one of the relationship between time perspective and both affect and psychological well-being. Kurtosis and skewness values for all variables in the first (highest kurtosis value ¼.77; highest skewness value ¼ À.65) and in the second (highest kurtosis value .77; highest skewness value .75) SEM model were within acceptable ranges.

Acknowledgments
The data collection was supported by Swedish National Centre for Research in Sports (Grant no. P2012-0097) and (Grant no. Dnr. 130345). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We would like to thank Björn Mikmar and his most helpful staff at Friskis&Svettis Karlskrona/Ronneby for their collaboration in the collection of the data. We would also like to convey our gratitude to the participants for spending their valuable time answering the questionnaires.