Nano-cellulose derived bioplastic biomaterial data for vehicle bio-bumper from banana peel waste biomass

The innovative study was carried out to produce nano-cellulose based bioplastic biomaterials for vehicle use coming after bioprocess technology. The data show that nano-cellulose particle size was 20 nm and negligible water absorption was 0.03% in the bioplastic. Moreover, burning test, size and shape characterizations, spray coating dye, energy test and firmness of bioplastic have been explored and compared with the standardization of synthetic vehicle plastic bumper following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Tensile test was observed 120 MPa/kg m3. In addition to that pH and cellulose content were found positive in the bioplastic compared to the synthetic plastic. Chemical tests like K, CO3, Cl2, Na were determined and shown positive results compared to the synthetic plastic using the EN-14214 (European Norm) standardization.


a b s t r a c t
The innovative study was carried out to produce nano-cellulose based bioplastic biomaterials for vehicle use coming after bioprocess technology. The data show that nano-cellulose particle size was 20 nm and negligible water absorption was 0.03% in the bioplastic. Moreover, burning test, size and shape characterizations, spray coating dye, energy test and firmness of bioplastic have been explored and compared with the standardization of synthetic vehicle plastic bumper following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Tensile test was observed 120 MPa/kg m 3 . In addition to that pH and cellulose content were found positive in the bioplastic compared to the synthetic plastic. Chemical tests like K, CO 3 , Cl 2, Na were determined and shown positive results compared to the synthetic plastic using the EN

Value of the data
The data are an innovative and important in the research area of nano-cellulose based bio-plastic biomaterials utilizing banana peel waste biomass in the pharmaceuticals, medical, biomedical and bioengineering aspect.
Innovative information regarding biopolymer production from biomass has been explored. The data can be most useful for the researcher, research student and academician to acquire innovative knowledge.
Identification of the suitability of produced nano-cellulosed based bio-plastic materials plays a significant role for the researcher in further studies for automotive biobumper production.

Data
The data have been shown the sample collection, preparation and biochemical process in Figs. 1.1-1.5. Fig. 1.1a shows the procedure of nano-bioplastic and biobumper preparation. Moreover, Fig. 1.2 demonstrates the absorption test of nano-cellulose based bioplastic. Fig. 1.3 indicates the burning test image. The Universal Test Machine procedure is denoted in Fig. 1.4. Besides, nanobioplastic having spray coating test has been exhibited ( Fig. 1.5). From the data it had been seen that nano-cellulose particle size was 20 nm found in the bioplastic. It was considered for plastic bumper as mentioning the result of ASTM (0-0.16) (

Sample collection and preparation
A total of 10 kg waste banana samples (Musa acuminata) were collected from the local market, Hail city, KSA. Afterwards, banana peel was removed and washed to ensure proper cleaning. Washed peel was sliced with scissors, then the sliced peel was blended using conventional blender. After blending, the sample was ground again with mortar and pestle, to get a fine mixture and put it into the beaker.

pH determination
The pH was determined using Horiba Scientific pH meter.

Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method for cellulose determination
Cellulose content was determined by utilizing 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). A standard curve was drawn by measuring the absorbance of known concentration of cellulose solution at 575 nm. DNS reagent consisted of 1% dinitrosalicylic acid, 0.2% phenol, 0.05% sodium sulfite and 1% sodium hydroxide. To measure cellulose content, 3 ml of unknown cellulose solution was poured into a test tube followed by addition of 3 ml of DNS reagent. The test tubes were then heated in boiling water bath for 15 min. 1 ml of 40% potassium sodium tartrate solution was then added prior to cooling the sample. All test tubes were then cooled under running tap water and its absorbance was measured at 575 nm.

Samples pyrolysis
Blended and ground sample was heated at 150°C in pressure cooker for 2 h at 30 psi until the sample became liquid paste. After heating, the liquid paste sample was cooled down.

Acid hydrolysis
Paste sample was hydrolyzed (100 ml/50 g sample) by hydrochloric acid (HCl, 99%) to make it micro to nano size particle for 8 h. The water bath was used during the hydrolysis came after in bioprocess technique. After 8 h, the samples were separated using separation funnel and washed by distilled water.

Nanoparticle measurement
Nano particle size of the sample was measured by employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

Plastilizer and mixture of chemicals
Chlorinated paraffin liquid plasticizers (1:8 of sample), 5% acetic acid (5 ml/100 g sample), 5 ml/ 100 g (polyvinyl chloride), cellulose (25%) and 25% starch powder, 5% film forming agent (toluene, Phthalates ester) and 10% water were added with the 1000 g of samples. Later 10 ml/100 g polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and glycerin were added with the mixture of samples and kept for 10 min to mix up well. The dye (benozophenone and stearalkonium) was mixed and kept for 5 min to mix up well and then the mixture was heated implementing pyrolysis method following ASTM standard [1] (at 150°C in the oven for 30 min; at 30 psi pressure) until visual plasticity in the oven for bioplastic material. The samples were taken out from the oven and stored in room temperature (28°C) to cool down for 10 min. Afterwards, it was put in the exposed aluminum foils for few hours to make it dry bioplastic. Then it was set for molding process. Finally it was oven dried at 80°C. The bioplastic was used for different test for fitness.

Molding in the laboratory
The bio-plastic sample was molded using manually prepared mold former and burner for 24-30 h drying and shaping of vehicle bumper. Dryer was used every 5 h to form a curve shape of the biobumper. It was kept at À5°C for one day and taken out from the deep freezer, dried by dryer and kept for hardening at normal temperature.    For the water absorption test, the specimens were dried in an oven for a specified time and temperature and then placed into the desiccator to cool. Immediately upon cooling the specimens were weighed. The material was then merged in water upon conditions, often 23°C for 24 h. Specimens were removed, patted dry with a lint free cloth, and weighed ( Fig. 1.2). Diameter of disk was 5 cm and 2 mm thick. Water absorption was calculated (Table 1.1).

Burning test
Bioplastic was burnt by using gas burner. Odor, color of flame, speed of burning and spark were observed by visual observation and compared with the synthetic bumper by ASTM D3801 [3] ( Fig. 1.3 Fig. 1.4). Tensile strength (MPa or psi) was displayed from tensile test.

Shape and size test
The specimen was continuously beaten by hammer for 2 min and pulled on for 5 min. There was no change of its shape and size ( Fig. 1.5).

Energy test
Energy was tested for the bioplastic based bumper using the following equation: The energy ¼1/2mv 2 ; m ¼ mass of hammer, V (velocity)¼ m/s, energy ¼? J (Table 1.5).
2.9.6. Firmness test (bore test) Bioplastic was hit with a 2 kg hammer on the screw set on the bioplastic. Hammering was completed after 5 min.

Spray coating test
Spray coating dye was used as the mode of application. It was attached properly with plastic and dried after 1 h.

Chemical test
Chemical test like K, CO 3 , Cl 2, Na were determined by using different meters and exhibited positive results (Table 1.8) compared to the synthetic plastic in the laboratory using the EN (14214) [5] standardization.

Statistical analysis
Standard deviation was calculated and standard error was analyzed using 3 replicates of the samples where necessary (n ¼3).