Influence of starch pretreatment on yield of cyclodextrins and performance of ultrafiltration membranes

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.12.036

Desalination

Volume 239, Issues 1–3, April 2009, Pages 317-333

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.12.036 Get rights and content

Abstract

The effect of starch pretreatment temperature and exposure time of raw tapioca starch on cyclodextrins (CDs) production and membrane performance using Thermoanaerobacter cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) were investigated in this study. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to identify the optimum amount of CDs produced. Results indicated that the optimal exposure time and pretreatment temperature for optimum CDs production were 1 h and 70ºC, respectively. Employment of this critical condition (70ºC) as the starch pretreatment temperature, promoted high CDs production and better preservation on the starch granule structure and increased as such as 93% and 94% of swelling power and leached amylose, respectively. In the case of starch pretreatment temperature that is above the critical value (70ºC), such application would apparently increase the solution viscosity and hydraulic resistance that subsequently decrease the membrane flux, despite increasing the CDs yield, suggesting that temperature is a crucial factor in determining the efficiency of CDs production, in particularly in the continuous system.

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Cited by (16)

Improved production of gamma-cyclodextrin from high-concentrated starch using enzyme pretreatment under swelling condition
2022, Carbohydrate Polymers
Citation Excerpt :
Moderate heat treatment caused cassava starch granules to swell importantly, and enabled adsorption and subsequent penetration of enzyme molecules (Kong et al., 2018). At 70 °C, the cassava starch could be fully swollen and the viscosity increase was limited (Sakinah et al., 2009). Therefore, the first step was to raise the temperature to 70 °C.
High substrate viscosity during the production process suppressed the formation of gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) from starch. Although liquefaction can be carried out by enzymes with high temperature optimum, some CGTases of interest are not suitable due to loss of activity at the gelatinization temperature. In order to apply a gamma-cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase (γ-CGTase) with an optimum temperature of 50 °C to the liquefaction of 10% w/v cassava starch, an improved process combining moderate heat treatment (30 °C increased to 70 °C) with enzymatic treatment was established. The substrate viscosity dropped from 2456 to 23 cP after the pretreatment, and the rate of γ-CD production increased from 10.43 to 26.34%. This process was further applied to the liquefaction of 30% w/v cassava starch, and the pretreated substrate was finally converted into 21.81% γ-CD. In general, evaluation indicators and basic principles of starch pretreatment were established, providing a reference for the production of γ-CD.
Mass transfer with reaction kinetics of the biocatalytic membrane reactor using a fouled covalently immobilised enzyme layer (α–CGTase–CNF layer)
2019, Biochemical Engineering Journal
Citation Excerpt :
Permeate flux declined due to deposition or excessive starch molecules accumulated on the surface of the fouled α–CGTase–CNF layer, which consequently formed a cake layer [32]. According to Darcy’s law, reduction of permeate flux was obtained as the total resistances that accumulated on the fouled α–CGTase–CNF layer until it reached its equilibrium thickness [38]. However, in this study, formation of the cake layer could have been influenced by the reaction, which was already described in the membrane permeate flux model.
A dynamic mathematical model was used in this study to describe the mass transfer and reaction kinetics of a fouled α–CGTase–CNF layer in a biocatalytic membrane reactor (BMR) system. BMR performance was evaluated based on the effect of substrate concentration and pneumatic gauge pressure on the permeate flux, total permeate volume, starch conversion, and α-CD production. A model is introduced based on the layer of mass limit as the resistance blocking mechanism with reaction kinetics on the fouled α–CGTase–CNF layer. Important unknown parameters of the constants describing the layer resistance, K_ML0 and the kinetic constant of Michaelis-Menten, k_cat, for mass transfer and its reaction kinetics, were successfully estimated at 3.9 × 10⁷ min/mL and 216.18 mg-starch/cm³⋅U⋅min, respectively, using the proposed models. The study found that the k_cat value corresponding to the maximum efficiency of the enzyme on starch cyclisation was a critical parameter in the prediction of the BMR dynamic profiles. Thus, the proposed model in this study can be used for further development of the BMR system, with excellent hydrodynamic and reaction performance.
Nanostructures formed by cyclodextrin covered aminobenzophenones through supramolecular self assembly
2014, Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
Citation Excerpt :
The morphology of the assembly is regularly determined by the structure of the individual components [3]. The molecular encapsulation and molecular assembly or self-assembly of CDs and their derivatives are give more attention in chemical, polymer and biological systems [4–9]. The molecular assembly based on α-CD necklace in the polyrotaxane, which is reversibly shuttled using a STM under ambient circumstances [10].
Cyclodextrin (α and β) based nanostructures formed with 2-aminobenzophenone, 3-aminobenzophenone through the supramolecular self assembly are studied by absorption, fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, DSC, PXRD and ¹H NMR. The unequal layer by layer nanosheets and nanoribbons are formed through self assembly of 3ABP/CD inclusion complexes. 2ABP/α-CD complex nanostructures show the self assembly hierarchical thread structure and β-CD complexes displays a nanobrick structure. The formation of nanostructures are prearranged to HO⋯H, NH₂⋯O and H₂N⋯H intermolecular hydrogen bond between individual complexes. The absorption and fluorescence spectral changes explicit formation of 1:1 inclusion complexes and solvent study demonstrate the ESIPT and TICT present in both molecules. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG and ΔS) of 2ABP and 3ABP molecule and the inclusion complexes were determined from semiempirical PM3 calculations.
Effect of substrate and enzyme concentration on cyclodextrin production in a hollow fibre membrane reactor system
2014, Separation and Purification Technology
Citation Excerpt :
The common configuration of an EMR is that of a stirred tank reactor combined with a separation-membrane unit that recirculates the reaction mixture through a membrane module placed outside the enzymatic reactor. The pressure difference across the membrane, or the transmembrane pressure (TMP), impels the product through the membrane, while the unreacted substrate and free enzyme are recirculated to the enzymatic reactor [11,12]. However, the challenge in using this external membrane system is in the frequency of membrane fouling because of substrate deposition onto the membrane surface and enzyme precipitation within the membrane pores.
The batch and continuous production of cyclodextrins (CDs) was assessed by employing an enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) system. The effects of tapioca starch substrate and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) concentrations on the yield of CDs were studied. A similar effect on the behaviour of the ultrafiltration membrane in the EMR system (integration system) was also evaluated. The results for the batch process showed that incremental doses of CGTase caused gradual increments in CD yield; however, further addition of CGTase (above 1.0%) showed a 16% reduction in the total CD production. Further incremental in the tapioca starch concentration increased CD concentration (23 g/L). However, addition above 8% w/v resulted in an insignificant yield of CDs. In the case of integration system, tapioca starch feeding rate that is higher than 4.41 g/h caused adverse effects (lower CD yield and membrane flux). In particular at higher tapioca starch feeding rate (5.0 g/h), the hydraulic resistance would reach as high as 1.31 × 10¹³ m⁻¹. Presumably this phenomenon was due to the unreacted substrates that were adsorbing onto the membrane surface and pores that subsequently led to greater fouling conditions and a severe flux decline. In addition, the weak adsorption (r_a1) has been found to be the major fouling mechanism attributed to starch and its by products. Therefore, hydraulic cleaning is highly suggested as the procedure to be used for this EMR system.
Continuous production of β-cyclodextrin from starch by highly stable cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase immobilized on chitosan
2013, Carbohydrate Polymers
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from Thermoanaerobacter sp. was covalently immobilized on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan spheres and used in a packed bed reactor to investigate the continuous production of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The optimum temperatures were 75 °C and 85 °C at pH 6.0, respectively for free and immobilized CGTase, and the optimum pH (5.0) was the same for both at 60 °C. In the reactor, the effects of flow rate and substrate concentration in the β-CD production were evaluated. The optimum substrate concentration was 4% (w/v), maximizing the β-CD production (1.32 g/L) in a flow rate of 3 mL/min. In addition, the biocatalyst had good operational stability at 60 °C, maintaining 61% of its initial activity after 100 cycles of batch and 100% after 100 h of continuous use. These results suggest the possibility of using this immobilized biocatalyst in continuous production of CDs.
Production of α, β, and γ-Cyclodextrin Gluconotransferase (CGTase) and Their Applications in Food Industry
2022, Novel Food Grade Enzymes: Applications in Food Processing and Preservation Industries

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Influence of starch pretreatment on yield of cyclodextrins and performance of ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract

Enzyme Microbial Tech.

Desalination

Enzyme Microbial Tech.

Enzyme Microbial Tech.

Bioresource Tech.

J. Mol. Biol.

J. Membr. Sci.

Carbohydrate Res.

J. Food Eng.

Bioresource Tech.

Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Tech.

Enzyme Microb. Tech.

J. Cereal Sci.

Carbohydrate Polymers

Desalination

Production of cyclodextrins from unliquified cornstarch using cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase in a membrane reactor

Ann NY Acad, Sci.

One-step affinity purification of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus sp. Biocatalysis

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus stearothermophilus: purification by affinity chromatography and its properties

Korea J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech.

Enzymatic production of cyclodextrins

Appli. Microbiol Biotechnol.

Utilization of cyclodextrins in industrial products and processes

J. Mat. Sci.