Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
Electrochemiluminescent detection of hydrogen peroxide using amphiphilic luminol derivatives in solution
Introduction
In the development of biomimetic optoelectronic nanosensors, the luminol is considered as an efficient system in chemiluminescence (CL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) measurements for the detection of hydrogen peroxide [1]. It is well-known that luminol CL in the presence of hydrogen peroxide can be produced through the action of a chemical catalyst like ferricyanide or a biocatalyst such as peroxidase. On the other hand, the application of a potential to oxidize luminol can successfully replaced a catalyst to provoke luminol electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) with inherent high sensitivities and wide linear working ranges [2], [3]. For this electrochemical process, screen-printed electrodes [2] have been demonstrated to trigger luminol ECL as efficiently as glassy carbon macroelectrodes [3]. The ECL reaction has been described by Sakura [4] and it is briefly presented in the following Scheme 1.
Based on this principle, in combination with an appropriate enzymatic reaction, some efficient ECL systems with improved detection limits and linear ranges were reported for glucose, lactate or choline measurements [3], [5], [6], which allowed the development of low-cost optical biosensors involving oxidases.
In addition, using ECL of luminol in solution for hydrogen peroxide detection and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technology, some performant biosensors have been easily obtained [7], [8], [9]. These results were promising to achieve miniaturized sensors at the molecular level and to further develop microarray systems by inserting different biocatalytic elements. Nevertheless, additional injection of luminol solution results in a delay for diffusion of the latter through the lipid bilayer during the ECL measurement. The possibility to insert amphiphilic luminol derivatives in LB films as supports for ECL detection could give the opportunity to develop reagentless biomimetic nanosensors.
Therefore, two new luminol derivatives were synthesized and their potential for ECL measurements has been evaluated using hydrogen peroxide in solution. Herein, several parameters, such as potential value, concentration of luminol derivatives and substitution group in molecular structures, were investigated in details. At the same time, the differences obtained for the two compounds were discussed.
The present research work describes some preliminary results for the development of potential biosensors based on ECL making use of amphiphilic luminol derivatives. In addition, they lay the bases to the development of an ECL device based on the association with LB film, which appears as a promising approach for the design of bio-optoelectronic biomimetic nanosensors.
Section snippets
Materials
Luminol (3-aminophtalhydrazide) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chimie (St. Quentin Fallavier, France). All the reagents such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Aldrich or Acros Chemicals and used without further purification. Two luminol derivatives LC11 (N-(1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophthalazin-5-yl)dodecanamide) and TF46 (N-(1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophthalazin-5-yl)-10-undecyloxymethyl-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatricosanamide), were synthesized using
Influence of the applied potential on ECL detection
It was reported previously that the screen-printed electrodes can be efficiently used in 30 mM veronal-HCl (pH 9.0) [2], [13]. In addition, a potential of 0.45 V versus printed Ag/AgCl was described as an optimized value for hydrogen peroxide-detecting optical fibre biosensors based on luminol ECL [2]. In this work, the optimal potential value for ECL luminol derivatives required to be determined. Consequently, the relationship of ECL light intensity and S/N ratio as a function of potential was
Conclusions
Two new synthetic amphiphilic luminol derivatives, substituted with distinct acyl chains, have been studied in solution by ECL measurement in the presence of H2O2 to display their potential as part of new sensing layers. The parameters described in this paper (roles of potential, concentration, and substitution group) demonstrate the possibility to detect hydrogen peroxide at the micromolar level through an efficient signal. The optimized value of applied potential for both luminol derivatives
Acknowledgments
The authors thank CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) for its financial support (post-doctoral position of Dr. T. Jiao). Additional thanks are due to Ms. A. Sassolas for her help in the preparation of screen-printed electrodes.
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