ReviewMechanisms and Clinical Manifestations of Cognitive Decline in Atrial Fibrillation Patients: Potential Implications for Preventing Dementia
Section snippets
Epidemiology of Cognitive Decline and Atrial Fibrillation
Although there seems to be a decrease in the age-adjusted incidence in North America1 and Europe2 the worldwide absolute estimated number of people with dementia is expected to increase from 57.4 (95% uncertainty interval, 50.4-65.1) million cases in 2019 to 152.8 (95% uncertainty interval, 130.8-175.9) million cases in 2050, because of the increasing age of societies around the world.3 Dementia is a leading cause for dependence and disability, and significantly increases the risk for adverse
Association of AF and Cognitive Decline/Dementia
There are many observational studies in the literature on the association of AF and cognitive decline or dementia, and some of the most relevant publications are summarized in Table 1. An increasing number of expert and consensus statements underscore the growing interest in this topic.20, 21, 22
The Rotterdam Study was among the first studies to describe this relationship in 1997. They reported a significant association of AF with cognitive dysfunction (odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% confidence
AF burden
In clinical practice, AF is usually classified into paroxysmal AF (self-terminating, in most cases within 48 hours, might continue up to 7 days), persistent AF (episodes are sustained > 7 days, including episodes that are terminated), and permanent AF (agreement between the physician and the patient to accept the arrhythmia and not perform any antiarrhythmic treatment/procedure).28 If the presence of AF per se is the main reason for thrombus formation, more AF episodes (ie, a greater AF burden)
Oral anticoagulation
There is unequivocal evidence that oral anticoagulation prevents clinical strokes among AF patients with additional stroke risk factors. Dose-adjusted warfarin reduces the risk of ischemic strokes by 64%91 and non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants are at least as effective and safer than vitamin k antagonists.92 Because of the association of overt strokes with cognitive decline as discussed previously, oral anticoagulation very likely reduces cognitive dysfunction although direct evidence is
Treatment of Risk Factors and Lifestyle
Nearly all patients with AF do have additional cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. In Swiss-AF 69%, 27%, 22%, and 15% of the participants had a history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and diabetes at study enrollment, respectively.71 Despite a lack of clinical trials specifically addressing this topic in AF patients, optimal treatment of comorbidities and risk factors probably has a beneficial effect on cognitive function. A systematic review and
Conclusion
AF and cognitive dysfunction are major public health issues and key contributors to health care costs. The crucial contribution of overt ischemic strokes has already been recognized, but AF patients have a greater risk of cognitive decline and dementia even in the absence of overt strokes, highlighting the potential importance of covert brain injuries, which are highly prevalent in this population. Specific trials are needed to test interventions for the prevention of brain injury and cognitive
Funding Sources
None.
Disclosures
David Conen: advisory board fees, Roche Diagnostics and Trimedics; speaker fees, Servier and BMS/Pfizer. Steffen Blum: research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Mach-Gaensslen Foundation, and the Gottfried and Julia Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation outside the submitted work.
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