ReviewRecent advances in yeast cell-surface display technologies for waste biorefineries
Introduction
Waste was formerly seen as useless, hard to dispose of pollution, whereas it is currently receiving great interest as a sustainable precursor for producing various valuable chemicals, materials, and fuels (Arancon et al., 2013). Waste can be generally categorized into sugar-/oil-/protein-rich raw materials and heavy metal-/carbohydrate-rich wastewater based on its major constituents. The definition of waste biorefinery is the conversion of biomass (residue) into other useful products in an integrated manner, aiming to maximize the output of value-added products from the processing of waste (Kaparaju et al., 2009). Combining several bio-industrial flows into one process facilitates the complete, effective utilization of all available components from raw materials. For instance, the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin derived from lignocellulosic waste can be individually converted into ethanol, xylitol, and syngas products (Menon and Rao, 2012); while integration of these three bioconversions as a single engineering process may allow simultaneous generation of fuels and xylitol from one lignocellulosic material. Similarly, the biorefinery process applied to carbohydrate-rich wastewater enables not only reutilization of the carbohydrates, but also decomposition of toxic organic contaminants, thus allowing the water to reach the standards needed before being discharged. However, the main challenge in waste biorefinery is the lack of an environment-friendly, low-cost technique for better degradation and conversion of waste materials, as this would greatly promote the economic feasibility of waste biorefinery (Taylor, 2008).
Cell-surface display engineering is a promising technique that uses microbial functional components to locate enzymes or peptides on the cell exterior of microorganisms. This technique endows the engineered strain with novel functions, such as whole-cell biocatalysts, bio-adsorbents, biosensor, vaccine-delivery vehicles and screening platforms (Wu et al., 2008). Recently, cell-surface display techniques have been successfully applied as biocatalysts and bio-adsorbents for waste biorefinery in a cost-effective and sustainable way (Fig. 1). In this review, we mainly focus on the application of the yeast cell-surface display technique in various types of waste biorefineries and highlight its new potential applications, as well as future challenges in commercialization.
Section snippets
Yeast cell-surface display engineering
Cell-surface display systems have been successfully developed in various microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Streptococcus gordonii (Lee et al., 2003). Yeast is one of the most suitable host strains for cell-surface display, because of its rigid cell walls (around 110–200 nm wild), as well as useful platform for protein production, since yeast allows the folding and glycosylation of expressed heterologous eukaryotic proteins. The cell wall of yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae mainly
Biorefinery of waste sugars by cell-surface display engineering
Huge amounts of waste sugars are generated globally every year. A small amount of these is commercialized as animal feed, while the majority is disposed of in landfills, causing considerable severe environmental issues (Rivas-Cantu et al., 2013). These sugar-rich wastes, such as sugarcane bagasse, newspaper, rice straw, wood chips and food waste, are of great interest due to their low-price and large-scale availability. The dominant structural polysaccharides in sugar-rich wastes are presented
Biorefinery of waste oil by cell-surface display engineering
Biodiesel is a nontoxic and biodegradable alternative fuel for petroleum-based fuel, which is obtained by the transesterification of triglycerides with short-chain alcohols (e.g., methanol or ethanol). Several edible oils, such as soybean oil and olive oil, have been used as biodiesel feedstocks (Hama and Kondo, 2013), however, it is difficult to achieve commercialization due to the high production cost. In contrast, used cooking oil and rendered animal fats are triglyceride-rich wastes that
Biorefinery of waste protein by cell-surface display engineering
Substantial amounts of waste proteins are generated during the production of foods and beverages, such as poultry feather, fish silage and microbial proteins. For instance, poultry feathers contain a crude protein content of more than 75% (w/w), 65% of which consists of nonessential amino acids (Dalev, 1994). Although waste proteins are mostly processed as animal feed, they would be more valuable as feedstocks for bio-alcohol and bioactive peptide production. Huo et al. (2011) engineered the
Biorefinery of heavy metal-rich wastewater by cell-surface display engineering
In the last two decades large amounts of heavy metals have been released into the environment, become global environmental concerns. Valuable rare metals (e.g., Pd, Mo, Ni and Pt) and toxic heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Cu and Cd) are often detected in industrial wastewaters. Unlike organic contaminants, these metals cannot be biodegraded, and the only way of detoxification is absorption, enrichment, and removal from wastewater (Fu and Wang, 2011). Rare metals are important in many high-tech
Current challenges and future prospects
Yeast cell-surface display engineering is a very promising technique to express enzymes or peptides on the cell exterior of potential microorganisms. Because of easier production/auto-immobilization of enzymes via cell propagation, higher enzyme stability and recycling potential, this cost-effective and environmentally-friendly technology has been widely applied in protein engineering, bioremediation, and biofuel production. However, current applications of cell-surface display engineering in
Conclusions
In this review, recent advances in the applications of cell-surface display engineering for waste biorefineries were highlighted. Tethering of enzymes or peptides on the cell surface of yeast enables it to directly produce bio-based fuels/ chemicals from various waste materials, or retrieve heavy metals from wastewater. Despite of the obvious requirement for increasing the amount of proteins that displayed on the cell surface, it is anticipated that future developments in heterologous protein
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (Harbin Institute of Technology, China) (No. 2016TS07).
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