Original Research PaperIsolation and characterization of flexirubin type pigment from Chryseobacterium sp. UTM-3T
Introduction
The present trend throughout the world is shifting towards the use of eco-friendly and biodegradable natural colorants due to its pharmacological activities. The demand for natural colorants is increasing day by day and are sourced from ores, insects, plants and microbes. Among microbes, bacteria have the immense potential to produce diverse bioproducts and one such bioproduct is pigment. The production and application of bacterial pigment as natural colorants is being investigated by various researchers (Venil et al., 2013). Pigments produced by bacteria are of traditional use in oriental countries and have been a subject of intense research in the present decades because of its potential for applications. Most researchers have focused on the production of yellow, violet and red pigment production from different bacteria. However, the study of pigment (flexirubin) from Chryseobacterium is very limited.
Flexirubins are the unique type of bacterial pigments with terminal alkyl substitution consisting of ω-phenyl octaenic acid chromophore esterified with resorcinol and are used in the treatment for chronic skin disease, eczema, gastric ulcers etc (Kim, 2013). Recent studies of the genus Chryseobacterium have documented the significance of its bioactive compounds as biocontrol agent, antioxidants, prebiotics, sulfobacin A and protease producer (Scheuplein et al., 2007, Wang et al., 2007, Chaudhari et al., 2009, Wang et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2012) which substantiate that it is a novel source of bioactive compounds. The flexirubin was first isolated in 1974 from Flexibacter elegans (Reichenbach and Kleinig, 1974) which turned out to be member of a novel class of pigments (Achenbach et al., 1974, Achenbach et al., 1976). Similar pigments were later identified in a number of other bacteria viz., Cytophaga sp, Sporocytophaga sp and Chryseobacterium sp. Each genera produce specifically modified species of flexirubin which serve as excellent chemosystematic markers (Reichenbach and Kleinig, 1974). According to the survey on the occurrence of the novel compounds, the distribution of flexirubin is rather limited. In the present study, the pigment from Chryseobacterium sp. UTM-3T was characterised and the properties of the pigment were studied to reveal its potential as a substitute for synthetic colorants.
Section snippets
Bacteria, media and culture conditions
The pigmented bacteria, Chryseobacterium sp. UTM-3T (=CECT 8497T=KCTC 32509T) isolated from the Orchard in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia was used in this study. The 16S rRNA sequence of the bacteria was submitted to GenBank under Accession No. KF751867. The strain was grown in Nutrient broth followed by incubation at 30 °C for 24 h with an agitation speed of 150 rpm. All chemicals used were of analytical grade.
The bacterial cell was cultivated in 20 mL NB in 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask at 30 °C
Structural determination of the pigments
The orange pigment exhibited peaks at 450 nm when extracted in acetone (Fig. 2). The FTIR spectrum for the purified pigment is shown in Fig. 3. In the spectra of datiscetin, the peak at 3753 cm−1 is attributed to the hydroxyl stretching of absorbed water and the absorption band at 3454 cm−1 is due to the OH groups. The peaks between 1737 cm−1 and 1217 cm−1 corresponds to C–O stretchings. The shifts in carbonyl and the hydroxyl absorption spectra of the pigment can be related to strong chelation (
Conclusions
In this study, the pigment was isolated from Chryseobacterium UTM-3T. The pigment was purified and identified as flexirubin type of pigment. Further the physico-chemical properties were characterized and found the pigment was stable towards temperature and light. From the results of this study it is concluded that an interesting yellow pigment could be isolated and purified from Chryseobacterium sp. by submerged fermentation. However, large scale fermentation should be carried out for
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to the Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia for the Techno fund grant (TF0310F080; RJ130000.7926.4H002), Research University Grants (Q.J130000.2526.02H84 and Q.J130000.2526.03H83) and Universiti Teknologi Malayisa for the Post Doctoral Fellowship to Dr. C.K. Venil.
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