Transtheoretical principles and processes for quitting smoking: A 24-month comparison of a representative sample of quitters, relapsers, and non-quitters☆
Section snippets
Sample
This study began with a representative sample of 4144 smokers proactively recruited in Rhode Island by random digit dialing procedures. Of these smokers 42.1% were in the precontemplation stage and were not intending to quit smoking in the next six months; 40.3% were in the contemplation stage and were intending to quit in the next six months and 17.6% were in the preparation stage and were intending to quit in the next month and had quitted for at least 24 h in the past year. They smoked a
Quit rates and relapse rates
Table 3 shows the 24-hour point prevalence abstinence rates for the expert system intervention group and the assessment only group at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. These outcome data were reported previously (Prochaska, Velicer, Fava, Rossi et al., 2001). The expert system intervention produced significantly more abstinence at each follow-up than the assessment only group with the differences between the two groups becoming significantly greater over the course of follow-up. The continued increases
Discussion
Graphic analyses of dynamic typologies have in the past served as a foundation for building expert system interventions that have proven to be remarkably robust in population cessation trials. In the past such analyses focused on a population of self-changers and compared the use of principles and processes of change of stable groups that remained in the same stage of change over 24 months, those who regressed one stage or more and those who recycled through the stages of change (Prochaska et
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2014, Addictive BehaviorsCitation Excerpt :Another population level analysis found that nearly 60% of current smokers in the 1990s had no intention to quit (Wewers, Stillman, Hartman, & Shopland, 2003). A Rhode Island study found that 42% of smokers did not intend to quit and smoked an average of 20 CPD (Sun, Prochaska, Velicer, & Laforge, 2007). If intention to quit alone defines hardcore smoking, 30% of smokers would be so classified based on the 2001–2010 National Health Interview Survey reporting that 70% of smokers want to quit (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011).
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2014, Drug and Alcohol DependenceCitation Excerpt :Therefore, we expected that decisional balance would be negatively associated with drinking and positively associated with problems. Although Transtheoretical Model-based drinking studies have not specifically explored drinking identity (e.g., Sun et al., 2007), research generally suggests that drinking identity is positively associated with alcohol consumption (e.g., Neighbors et al., 2010; Reed et al., 2007), which in turn is linked with alcohol-related problems (e.g., Lindgren et al., 2013). Drinking identity is conceptualized as how central or defining alcohol consumption is to one's self-identity (Conner et al., 1999).
The importance of habits in eating behaviour. An overview and recommendations for future research
2011, AppetiteCitation Excerpt :Therefore, another promising self-regulation technique is counterconditioning, which aims to replace the cued response by another, more healthful response. Research shows that smokers make use of this technique, for instance engaging in physical exercise when having the urge to smoke (Prochaska et al., 1988), and that the use of counterconditioning is significantly associated with successful quitting (Sun et al., 2007). In the domain of eating, it has also been found that, upon being exposed to a food cue, successful dieters spontaneously activate thoughts related to the ultimate goal of weight control, whereas unsuccessful dieters spontaneously activate hedonic food thoughts (Papies, Stroebe, & Aarts, 2007, 2008).
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Grants AG24490 from the National Institute of Aging and CA50087 from the National Cancer Institute supported this research.