Leprosy in the state of Amazonas: is there actually a decrease in its incidence and prevalence?

ccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), leposy is an important global public health problem. In 2019, 02,185 new cases were recorded, with a global prevalence f 0.22/10,000 inhabitants. India, Brazil, and Indonesia are mong the countries with the highest prevalence of the isease.1 In Brazil, 23,612 new cases were diagnosed in 2019. In hat year, a detection rate of 13.23/100,000 inhabitants was erified. In 1991, the WHO proposed the elimination of lepcases diagnosed by FUAM teams, comparing them with the patients notified by the municipal health units. This is a retrospective and descriptive study of new cases of leprosy diagnosed during the study period. Epidemiological data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN, Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação) and from the State Leprosy Coordination (Coordenação Estadual de Hanseníase) were used. The study was submitted to and approved by FUAM Research Ethics Committee. All the municipalities in the state were visited by FUAM teams, some annually and others with an interval of more than one year. In 2017, supervision actions were carried out in the 62 municipalities. During the study period, 3,299 new cases were recorded: 1,637 (49.6%) lived in the MRM and 1,662 (50.4%) in other municipalities. Of this total, 1,910 (57.9%) patients had lepromatous (multibacillary) leprosy, 303 (9.2%) had G2 at the time of diagnosis, and 362 (11%) were younger than 15 years. During the supervision, 642 new cases were diagnosed by FUAM teams. This number is equivalent to 19.5% of the total number of patients recorded during the study period; 293 (45.6%) lived in the MRM and 349 (54.4%) in other municipalities. Another relevant aspect of the investigation is that 1,143 (34.6%) of the new cases lived in the municipality of Manaus and among these, 808 (70.7%) were diagnosed at FUAM headquarters. The municipalities with the highest detection rates during the study period were: Itamarati (81.25/100,000), Tapauá (76.65/100,000), Humaitá (61.05/100,000), Boca do Acre (45.25/100,000). 100,000) and Guajará (40.70/100,000; Fig. 1). In 2017, the year when all municipalities were supervised, 449 new cases of leprosy were diagnosed: 126 (28.1%) lived in the municipality of Manaus and 323 (71.9%) in t n ( l h

cases diagnosed by FUAM teams, comparing them with the patients notified by the municipal health units. This is a retrospective and descriptive study of new cases of leprosy diagnosed during the study period. Epidemiological data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN, Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação) and from the State Leprosy Coordination (Coordenação Estadual de Hanseníase) were used. The study was submitted to and approved by FUAM Research Ethics Committee.
All the municipalities in the state were visited by FUAM teams, some annually and others with an interval of more than one year. In 2017, supervision actions were carried out in the 62 municipalities.
During the supervision, 642 new cases were diagnosed by FUAM teams. This number is equivalent to 19.5% of the total number of patients recorded during the study period; 293 (45.6%) lived in the MRM and 349 (54.4%) in other municipalities.
Another relevant aspect of the investigation is that 1,143 (34.6%) of the new cases lived in the municipality of Manaus and among these, 808 (70.7%) were diagnosed at FUAM headquarters.
In 2017, the year when all municipalities were supervised, 449 new cases of leprosy were diagnosed: 126 (28.1%) lived in the municipality of Manaus and 323 (71.9%) in the other municipalities. In that year, FUAM teams diagnosed 152 (33.8%) patients: 53 (42%) in Manaus and 99 (33.1%) in the other municipalities. Of the 126 new cases living in Manaus, 101 (80.2%) were diagnosed at FUAM headquarters.
Considering the territorial extension of the state and that most of the municipalities in the countryside lack road transportation infrastructure, it would be possible to infer that the municipalities in the MRM would have easy access to evaluation at the referral center and would notify most of the new cases. During the study period, 1,637 (49.6%) leprosy cases lived in the MRM (Table 1). However, of this total, 293 (17.9%) patients were diagnosed during the supervision actions.
The data from the municipality of Manaus are also important: of the 1,143 (34.6%) new cases diagnosed in this municipality during the study period, 808 (70.7%) were identified in FUAM. This fact indicates that patients do not seek health centers in the capital city, are not diagnosed in these places, or are systematically referred to FUAM.
When the most recent data from 2017 are analyzed, it is verified that there were no important changes during the study period. In that year, 449 new cases were recorded throughout the state: 126 (28.1%) lived in Manaus and 323 (71.9%) in other municipalities. Of this total, 152 (33.8%) cases were diagnosed during supervision actions. It was also RESEARCH LETTER found that more than 80% of the new cases residing in Manaus were diagnosed at FUAM.
These data explain in part the low effectiveness of the leprosy control program, with late diagnoses and a significant number of new cases in children. A late diagnosis also implies undiagnosed multibacillary cases responsible for maintenance of the endemicity.
Considering the data presented herein, showing that 642 (19.5%) new cases of leprosy would not have been diagnosed without the presence of a dermatologist, it is suggested to evaluate the activities of the Leprosy Control Program, with an emphasis on training health professionals in the capital city and municipalities, as well as enacting regular supervision actions and updates of the professionals.

Authors' contributions
Dejanane Silva e Silva: Design and planning of the study; data collection, or analysis and interpretation of data; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of intellectual content; approval of the final version of the manuscript. Jamile Izan Lopes Palheita Júnior: Design and planning of the study; analysis and interpretation of data; critical review of the intellectual content; approval of the final version of the manuscript.
Valderiza Lourenço Pedrosa: Data analysis and interpretation; critical review of the intellectual content; approval of the final version of the manuscript.
Carolina Talhari: Design and planning of the study; analysis and interpretation of data; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the intellectual content; approval of the final version of the manuscript.