Prevalence of infection by Bartonella spp. in patients with psoriasis☆☆☆

ressed patients (HIV-positive and chronic kidney disease) resented vesicles on an erythematous base; the distribuion in one case was dermatomal and in the other the lesions ere grouped. These findings are clinically consistent with he Herpesviridae family viruses. In the literature, vesicular esions similar to varicella are reported, with a more disersed and diffuse distribution and located on the trunk.3,5 hus, the clinical and evolution characteristics can help to ifferentiate this particular injury. A polymerase chain reacion test of a sample of the lesion is very useful in the dentification of the causative virus.4 The prevalence of skin lesions observed in the present tudy was much lower than that found by Recalcati, but imilar to that reported by Tammaro.1,3 The skin manifestations found in this study are similar to hose caused by other viruses, and it cannot be concluded Conflicts of interest


Prevalence of infection by Bartonella spp. in patients with psoriasis ଝ,ଝଝ
Dear Editor, Psoriasis (Ps) is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disease that, in addition to the genetic factor, has other triggers such as emotional stress, nutritional deficit, endocrine problems, and infections. The activation of immune system cells is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of Ps, and several infectious agents have been related to this activation. To modulate the immune response in patients with ଝ How to cite this article: Santos LS, Drummond  Ps, the systemic treatment of the disease may be based on immunosuppressive drugs, which facilitates the spread of opportunistic infections. 1 Bacteria of the genus Bartonella are fastidious Gramnegative cocobacilli distributed worldwide (Fig. 1). Currently, the genus has 45 species and subspecies, of which at least 17 are capable of infecting humans. Most of these bacteria are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods, and some of their reservoirs are domestic animals, mainly dogs and cats. Although they have been neglected, the number of studies on Bartonella spp. is increasing, as well as the recognition of their importance. These agents have been linked to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to life-threatening conditions, such as endocarditis. 2 There are no diagnostic tests with sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, bartonellosis is not included in the diagnostic hypotheses by most physicians, which contributes to the underdiagnosis of these infections. 2 This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Bartonella spp. Blood samples were obtained from 30 Ps patients over 18 years of age, with mild to severe manifestations in different therapeutic regimens who agreed to participate in the study, as well as 30 volunteers ---Unicamp students or employees over 18 years of age who denied clinical symptoms, were not pregnant, and agreed to participate in the study.
The samples were processed as summarized in Fig. 2. Liquid enrichment cultures and solid cultures were performed as previously described. 3 From whole blood and culture samples, DNA was extracted using the QIAmp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen ® ).
From the obtained DNA, genus-specific conventional PCRs (ITS region) and Bartonella henselae-specific PCRs were performed: double amplified PCR (nested) for the ftsZ region and real-time PCR for the gltA region. The quality of the extracted DNA and the absence of amplification inhibitors were tested using conventional PCR for the GAPDH gene.
B. henselae DNA was detected in 20% (6/30) of Ps patients and in 10% (3/30) of healthy volunteers who denied symptoms at the time of blood sample collection (Table 1). Using Fisher's exact test, no statistical difference was observed between the two groups (p = 0.23).
Ps is a multifactorial, inflammatory, and immunemediated disease. Although there is no consensus on the exact mechanisms of action in its pathogenesis, there is strong evidence that external factors, such as super antigens, have a great capacity to stimulate the inflammatory response of the disease. 1 Microorganisms have been associated with Ps (including ␤-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida albicans, Chlamydia psittaci, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis C virus), but there is limited evidence that antimicrobial therapy has any direct benefit in crisis prevention. Ps is independently associated with a higher risk of serious infections, which is increased by the use of immunomodulatory treatments.
Infection by Bartonella spp. was documented in 3.2% of 500 blood donors using a single conventional genus-specific PCR, from samples of liquid and solid culture. 4 Bartonella spp. was detected in patients with Ps and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). One patient with Ps presented with cat-scratch disease during treatment with adalimumab, and another patient with PsA presented mesenteric lymphadenopathy and splenic abscesses. Symptomatic infection by Bartonella spp. was detected in other patients who were receiving treatment with immunobiologicals. 5 One in five patients with Ps and one in ten healthy volunteers presented infection by B. henselae. Despite the lack of statistical difference when compared with the control group, this information is important when considering the high prevalence of infection in patients with Ps and even in the control group. Attention is needed for any patient who requires immunobiological treatment or other immunosuppressive drugs and who presents with possible expressions of infection by Bartonella spp., such as fever of undetermined origin, cryptogenic hepatitis, lymph node enlargement, endocarditis, sepsis, and graunlomatous or angioproliferative reactions. Further studies are needed to assess whether infection by Bartonella spp. may worsen Ps expression and the risks of this infection associated with immunosuppressive treatments.