Is intelligent speed adaptation ready for deployment?

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.05.012

Accident Analysis & Prevention

Volume 48, September 2012, Pages 1-3

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.05.012 Get rights and content

Abstract

There have been 30 years of research on Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA), the in-vehicle system that is designed to promote compliance with speed limits. Extensive trials of ISA in real-world driving have shown that ISA can significantly reduce speeding, users have been found to have generally positive attitudes and at least some sections of the public have been shown to be willing to purchase ISA systems. Yet large-scale deployment of a system that could deliver huge accident reductions is still by no means guaranteed.

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Cited by (24)

The adoption and application of Intelligent Speed Assistance by private motorists: User and non-user perspectives
2023, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) is an in-car system that can help drivers to avoid speeding and therefore reduce crash frequency and severity. ISA systems that intervene to reduce vehicle speeds are increasingly available in new cars. Their efficacy in crash reduction will depend on the extent to which they are adopted and used by motorists. Increasing ISA use is therefore a promising new target for behaviour-change interventions seeking to reduce crash involvement. To provide context for intervention development, this study explored the beliefs and attitudes of 20 car drivers who have intervening ISA systems and 20 that do not. Thematic analysis of interview scripts generated five superordinate themes across both sets of drivers relating to: (1) safety, (2) driver control, (3) choice and enforcement, (4) driver identity and behaviour, and (5) enabling roll-out. ISA acceptability was generally high as long as driver choice around turning off and overriding the system was maintained. Drivers described a number of information needs relating to ISA: increased general awareness of ISA, provision of system-specific information for new ISA drivers and reassurances around non-ISA driver concerns (e.g., the responsiveness of the override and the speed control process). Many drivers indicated that ISA adoption would be facilitated by emphasising personal benefits (e.g., protecting driver licences, reduced insurance premiums, improved fuel efficiency, more relaxed driving) as well as safety advantages.
A speed limit advisory system provided by in-vehicle HMI considering auditory perception characteristics for connected environment
2023, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
Citation Excerpt :
Jongen et al. (2011) found that the continuous setting of speed limit signs in some special road sections had obvious effects. The continuous provision of speed limit information, termed gradient speed limits, has the potential to offer significant safety benefits by reducing speeding behavior (Várhelyi, 2002; Carsten, 2012). This strategy not only helps ensure that the driver finds the speed limit information in time, but also considers the continuity and transition of the speed reduction, facilitating safe and stable deceleration of the vehicle, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of rear-end accidents (Cheng et al. 2020).
In-vehicle HMI (Human Machine Interface) systems are well studied due to their great application prospect, but the recent development of connected technologies raises more possibilities that this technology provides more accurate speed limit warnings to ensure driver safety according to specific vehicle and road parameters. To capitalize on the potential of in-vehicle HMI systems to provide auditory and visual warnings to drivers and to improve adoption and utilization of this warning information. To this end, we designed a speed limit advisory system (SLAS) that recommended reduced speeds for hazardous sections of road, communicated to drivers by their in-vehicle HMI systems. Frontal distance models of single and gradient auditory warning were implanted into the systems to determine the warning timing. We then tested these SLASs in a high-fidelity simulator in order to evaluate their utility. 70 participants (mean age = 28.7 years; 36 male) drove through a simulated 15 km stretch of one-way two-lane rural road. We evaluated five different warning modes: single visual (SV), single audio visual (SAV), gradient visual (GV), gradient audio visual (GAV) or control (roadside sign). Participants using the SLAS slowed down significantly compared to the control group before entering the curve, with drivers receiving GAV warnings driving lowest speeds. Less experienced drivers exhibited higher compliance with GAMs (GV or GAV). The SLAS was generally considered useful though not by drivers with>10 years of driving experience. Drivers tended to prefer singular warnings to gradated warnings, which were rated as equally preferable to roadside signage. Eye tracking data indicated that none of the SLAS modes were overly distracting to the drivers. Overall, we find that the SLAS improves driver safety while producing no obvious distraction. The main difficulty lies in persuading experienced drivers to use the system. In a word, the results of this study provide validation for the concept of HMI warning system using connected technology in hazardous road areas and help determine the appropriate timing of in-vehicle warnings.
Understanding intentions to override intelligent speed assistance prior to widespread availability: An application of the theory of planned behaviour
2021, Accident Analysis and Prevention
Citation Excerpt :
This technology can involve providing a warning or directly intervene in car control when the speed limit is exceeded, for example by cutting fuel transmission to the engine until vehicle speed returns to the speed limit. ISA devices have been widely trialled across high income countries during this century, with the general finding that they can substantially reduce speeding behaviour (Carsten, 2012). For example, Lai at al. (2012) showed that requiring ISA could reduce serious road traffic injuries by up to 30%, with the extent of the benefit depending upon how strictly ISA control is adhered to.
Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) offers a technological solution to reduce speeding that will become more common in vehicles in the short to medium term. Many implementations allow drivers to override the system’s speed control and minimising such interventions can optimise safety benefits. This paper aims to inform behaviour change interventions to reduce ISA overriding targeted to drivers as they obtain vehicles fitted with ISA. We explore the beliefs underlying intentions to override ISA to exceed the speed limit in drivers with limited ISA experience using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. In a sample of 121 drivers (mean age 36 years), regression modelling showed that attitudes strongly predicted intentions with an additional contribution from subjective norms but not perceived behavioural control. Behavioural beliefs underlying attitudes addressed overriding ISA for (1) responsibly controlling the car to minimise crash risk and (2) reducing journey times and enjoying fast driving. Salient normative beliefs focussed on groups that would disapprove of overriding ISA including emergency services and parents. We discuss how these beliefs might be addressed in interventions to maximise the safe adoption of ISA.
Speed Governors and Limiters
2021, International Encyclopedia of Transportation: Volume 1-7
Excessive speed is one of the main road safety problems according to many experts; and authorities in most parts of the world claim that excessive speed, that is, speed above the prevailing speed limit, is a strongly contributing factor to many crashes and—particularly—to fatal crashes and crashes with severe injuries. Soft measures such as education and informational campaigns are typically not sufficient in keeping most drivers at or below the speed limit. Speed enforcement is much more efficient but unless police is omnipresent or speed cameras are installed “everywhere,” the effect is limited in time and geographical area, or very costly. Hard measures are needed to get full compliance. Those are measures that are supported by legislation, forcing drivers to comply. The most interesting, and the one with the highest potential, is the Speed Governor. With GPS and a computer in the vehicle, the prevailing speed limit can be determined everywhere. The system can also be based on vehicle-based cameras reading speed limit signs. The Speed Governor should make it impossible to drive faster than the speed limit. If everybody always kept the speed limit then the number of fatalities would be reduced by (almost unimaginable) 30%–50%, most in Third World countries. The problem, however, is that it is still theory: neither car industry nor any authorities have mandated it yet. However, a proposal from the European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) to mandate speed limiters on all new vehicles sold in Europe has passed a vote by Members of European Parliament. If approved, the technologies would be mandatory for new (not yet designed) models as of May 2022. However, the system may allow overriding it too easily. Empirical research is highly warranted in order to be able to assess the safety effects of a system that strictly never allows speeding.
Drivers’ response to speed warnings provided by a smart phone app
2020, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
Citation Excerpt :
However drivers often fail to notice road signs (Charlton and Starkey, 2013; Harms and Brookhuis, 2016) and when they do, their speed tends to increase as they travel further from the sign (Jongen et al., 2011). Given these issues, the continuous provision of speed limit information via IVIS or an intelligent speed assistance app (ISA) has the potential to offer significant safety benefits by reducing speeding behaviour (Varhelyi, 2002; Carsten, 2012). A number of studies have examined the effects of different types of ISA systems on drivers’ speeds.
The distractive effects of mobile phones are well documented, but the recent development of mobile phone apps that provide speed advisory warnings raises the possibility that this technology may be used to improve driver safety in older vehicles. We examined the effects of an intelligent speed advisory (ISA) app on driving performance in a simulator. One hundred and four participants (mean age = 35.52 years; 52 male) were allocated to complete the drive with the ISA app in one of five modes: active audio visual (n = 22), active visual (n = 22), passive audio visual (n = 21), passive visual (n = 21) or control (n = 18). Another 19 participants (mean age = 27.53 years; 8 male) completed the study wearing eye-tracking glasses. Participants drove a simulated 26.4 km section of rural road which incorporated typical hazards and three speed compliance zones (100 km/h, 80 km/h and 60 km/h speed limits). The app led to good compliance with the posted speed limits, particularly during the 60 km/h road segment, where the control group drove at significantly higher speeds than the groups with the ISA app. No significant differences between the four versions of the ISA app were observed, either for speed compliance or the number of speeding alerts received. Across the entire simulated drive there were relatively few glances at the app with an average glance duration of 190 ms.
The ISA app did not lead to any negative effects on driving performance; lane keeping was maintained and it did not impede participants’ ability to overtake vehicles. These findings suggest that when properly configured ISA apps have a demonstrable safety benefit and do not produce adverse distractive effects. The greatest challenge may be encouraging drivers’ to use them appropriately and consistently.
Formal Models for Intelligent Speed Validation and Adaptation
2016, Procedia Computer Science
This paper presents an approach for an intelligent speed validation and adaptation. The approach focuses on formal modelling of the corresponding smart vehicle units, to increase the road safety as well as to allow formal analysis of the smart vehicle behaviour. We suggest a number of models for speed check/limitation units, which reflect differences in the speed limits in several countries.
We also present our results from the case studies, based on two implementations of the model as an iOS and an Android app for Intelligent Speed Adaptation.

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EditorialIs intelligent speed adaptation ready for deployment?

Abstract

Accident Analysis and Prevention

Accident Analysis and Prevention

Accident Analysis and Prevention

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Accident Analysis and Prevention

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Accident Analysis and Prevention

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

Editorial
Is intelligent speed adaptation ready for deployment?