Glossary

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CMP-sialic acid transporter localized in the medial-trans Golgi that plays a role in the transportation of cytosolic CMP-sialic acid into Golgi where glycosyltransferases function Complement are proteins of the immune system enabling antibodies and phagocytic cells to act and lyse microbes and remove damaged cells, promotes inflammation Complement factor H is a regulator of complement activation pathway Computed tomography is an imaging procedure using special x-ray equipment Congenital disorders of glycosylation involve rare genetic, metabolic disorders due to defects in the process of glycosylation Conotrachelus nenuphar true weevil that can destroy fruits Constant domain part of the Ig molecule that determines the mechanism used to destroy the antigen Coronary artery diseases develop due to damage of major blood vessels supplying the heart with blood, oxygen, and nutrients Corpus luteum forms the last active stage of an ovarian follicle's lifecycle, performs endocrine functions in ovary producing progesterone during early pregnancy. Essential for the maintenance of early pregnancy Cytidine 5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid is a substrate for sialyltransferases and plays a role in sialylation of glycans Cytidine 5′-triphosphate consists of a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups acts as a substrate for RNA synthesis, acts as a coenzyme in the synthesis of glycerophospholipids and protein glycosylation Cytidine monophosphate also known as 5′-cytidylic acid, is a nucleotide used as a monomer in RNA Cytidine monophospho-N-acetyl neuraminic acid hydroxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid or CMP-Neu5Ac into hydroxylated derivative CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid of CMP-Neu5Gc Cytotoxic T cells are generated from cytotoxic T cells (T c cells), are CD8 + , and MHC class I restricted and play a role in T cell responses Damage-associated molecular patterns or alarmins are molecules released by stressed cells undergoing necrosis. They are endogenous danger signals that accelerate the inflammatory response. Examples include high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), S100A8 and S100A9 (MRP8, calgranulin A and MRP14, calgranulin B), and Serum amyloid A (SAA). Increased serum levels of these DAMPs have been reported in arthritis, atherosclerosis, lupus, cancer, Crohn's disease, and sepsis Danaus plexippus is also called as the monarch butterfly belonging to family Nymphalidae Deaminoneuraminic acid is a member of sialic acids family in which acylamino group at the C-5 position of N-acylneuraminic acid (Neu5Acyl) is replaced by a hydroxyl group Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells of the immune system that process and present antigenic peptides to the T cells Dengue virus is, a mosquito-borne flavivirus with a single-stranded RNA positive-strand virus belonging to Flaviviridae family. DENV causes Dengue Fever (DF) and lifethreatening Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). Four antigenically different viral serotypes include BENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 DIG Glycan detection kits It enables analysis of carbohydrate structures by the specific binding of selected lectins. Both glycoproteins bound to nitrocellulose membranes and carbohydrate structures on tissue sections can be identified by lectins including GNA, SNA, MAA, DSA, and PNA. Detection of digoxigenin-labeled lectins bound to specific carbohydrate moieties on blots is performed using anti-digoxigenin alkalinephosphatase conjugates. The digoxigenin-labeled lectins enable differentiation and detection of complex and high-mannose chains, α(2,3) and α(2,6) linkage of terminal sialic acids, and core disaccharide Galß(1,3)GalNAc of O-glycans Disialoganglioside 3 is predominantly expressed at neuronal development with limited expression in adult tissues Double knockout Knocking out two genes simultaneously in an organism. Finds application in research Double-positive T cells are cells in the development of T cells expressing both CD4 and CD8 Drosophila melanogaster is the common fruit fly and model organism used in biological studies Drosophila sialic acid synthase produces Neu5Ac and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-Dgalacto-nononic acid (KDN). Using N-acetylmannosamine 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate as substrates it can generate phosphorylated forms of Neu5Ac and KDN. Finds importance in sialic acid biosynthesis in neurons Early endosomes endocytic vesicles rapidly targeted to the endocytic organelle Electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry a mass spectrometry method in which sample is ionized by forcing a solution of the sample through a small heated capillary into an electric field generating a very fine mist of charged droplets. In the first stage, the ions are held in a stable orbit by a quadrupole and in the second stage the kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured and time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst of an embryo Endoglucosaminidases catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bond between an N-acetylβ-D-glucosamine and the adjacent monosaccharide Endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound cell organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Attached to ribosomes, it is involved in protein and lipid synthesis Enolase 3 is an enzyme coded by the ENO3 gene. There are three enolase isoenzymes reported in mammals. One in adult skeletal muscle cells plays a role in muscle development and regeneration. Genetic mutations have been associated with glycogen storage disease Enterovirus D68 is a member of the Picornaviridae family and is a non-poliovirus, nonenveloped virus with, positive-sense single-stranded RNA and can be transmitted by respiratory and gastrointestinal secretions Epidermal growth factor and Epidermal Growth factor receptor: EGF binds to EGFR and plays a role in cell proliferation, differentiation, wound healing, and survival Epithelial ovarian cancer develops from the cells in the outer surface of the ovary, most being benign. Cancerous epithelial tumors are carcinomas initiating in the tissues lining the ovaries Epitrix cucumeris commonly called as potato flea beetle belong to the family Chrysomelidae Erythropoietin and EPO receptor EPO functions on binding to its high-affinity receptor EPOR. EPO is a hormone produced by the kidneys, playing a role in RBC production Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium Estrogen Receptor is activated by estrogen which is a nuclear hormone receptor. Finds application in targeting breast cancer, osteoporosis, and other female endocrine disorders Extracellular matrix includes a three-dimensional network of extracellular macromolecules, including collagen, enzymes, and glycoproteins, providing structural and biochemical support of surrounding cells Extracellular vesicles Heterogeneous group of membranous structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles, released from the cell, originating from the endosomal system, enabling cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and genetic material. They facilitate intercellular communication in immune responses and coagulation Fabry disease a type of lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused due to genetic mutation leading to aberrant processing of sphingolipids, leading to their accumulation in walls of blood vessels and other organs Factor H binding protein (fHbp) is a lipoprotein of Neisseria meningitidis essential for pathogenesis and allows bacterial survival and growth in human blood by binding the human complement factor H. Finds application in designing of vaccines Fas ligand or FasL or CD95L is a type-II transmembrane protein, member of TNF family that binds to Fas R inducing apoptosis. FasL-FasR interactions play a role in the regulation of the immune system and the progression of cancer Fas-associated protein with death domain is an adapter protein, playing a role in apoptosis and is encoded by the FADD gene on the 11q13.3 of human chromosome 11. It bridges Fas-receptor, to procaspases 8 and 10 forming death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) during apoptosis. Plays a role in the cell cycle, development, and proliferation Fc-gamma receptor or FcγR belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily inducing phagocytosis of opsonized microbes. Includes, FcγRI, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, FcγRIIIA, and FcγRIIIB Fibroblast Growth Factor receptor included as a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Members include FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4 and plays a role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation in development and tissue repair Fluorescein isothiocyanate is a fluorescent molecule finding application in staining antigens/proteins when tagged with antibodies. Finds applications in immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric studies Fluorescence-activated cell sorter is a specialized type of flow cytometry, enabling sorting of cells based on the specific light scattering and fluorescent nature of each cell Fluorescent silica nanoparticles are prepared by techniques by which fluorophores used to modify silica NPs Formylglycine-generating enzyme catalyzes the conversion of cysteine to formylglycine (fGly) Free sialic acid storage disorders are disorders of free sialic acid metabolism. Includes neurodegenerative disorders and increased lysosomal storage of free sialic acid like Salla disease, intermediate severe Salla disease, and infantile free sialic acid storage disease (ISSD) Fucose is a monosaccharide hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5 forming a component of mammalian N-and O-linked glycans and glycolipids Fusobacterium nucleatum is a bacterium found in the dental plaque and can cause gum disease Galactose is a monosaccharide with chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6, similar to glucose, differing in the position of one hydroxyl group that gives different chemical and biochemical properties from glucose Galanthus nivalis commonly called as snowdrop plants Galleria mellonella is commonly called as the honeycomb moth, member of family Glycosyltransferase enzyme catalyzing transfer of a sugar from a sugar nucleotide donor to a substrate GNE regulates NeuAc, or sialic acid precursor biosynthesis forms a rate-limiting enzyme in the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway Gold nanoparticles gold particles with 1 to 100 nm diameter Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a cytokine secreted by endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, NK cells, and T cells Granzyme are serine proteases released by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, inducing apoptosis of the infected/cancerous cell Graphite oxide is a single monomolecular layer of graphite with various oxygencontaining groups like epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl Griffonia simplicifolia II agglutinin is isolated from African legume Griffonia simplicifolia seeds that can bind to terminal non-reducing a-or ß-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine Group B meningococcus causes infections like meningitis Group B streptococci includes Gram-positive cocci, Streptococcus agalactiae causing illness and death Guide RNA or gRNA finds application in prokaryotic DNA editing by CRISPR/Cas9 system Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disease affecting the peripheral nervous system leading to weakness and or paralysis Hemagglutinin neuraminidase glycoprotein exhibits three distinct functions including a receptor-binding or hemagglutinin activity, a receptor-destroying or neuraminidase activity, and a membrane fusion activity that enables the fusion of viral envelope to host cell membrane for infection. It is reported from paramyxoviruses (negative-stranded RNA viruses), including Mumps virus, Human parainfluenza virus 3, and the avian pathogen Newcastle disease virus Haemophilus influenza is the causative agent of influenza, Gram-negative bacteria of Pasteurellaceae family Haloferax volcanii belongs to genus Haloferax of domain Archaea Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen or H-D is a heterophile antigen and is a glycoconjugate containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease degrading the thyroid gland Heavy chain fragment component of the antibody molecule. Heavy chain exists in the variable and constant region of the Ig molecule Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects the digestive tract and may lead to gastric cancer Hemagglutinin are glycoproteins causing agglutination of RBCs Hematopoietic stem cells are the stem cells which give rise to different types of blood cells Hemipyrellia ligurriens belongs to Diptera under Calliphoridae and is a forensic fly Heparan sulfate a glycosaminoglycan with disaccharide unit (GlcNAcα1-4GlcAβ1-4/IdoAα1-4), containing N-and O-sulfate esters covalently linked to a proteoglycan core protein Heparin a heparan sulfate-type synthesized by mast cells with the highest amount of iduronic acid and N-and O-sulfate residues Hepatocyte growth factor is a growth factor secreted by mesenchymal cells acting on epithelial, endothelial, hematopoietic progenitor cells and T cells and plays a role in organ development, myogenesis, regeneration, and in wound healing High-grade serous carcinoma originates from serous epithelial layer in the ovary. HGSCs reveal the highest mortality rates High-performance liquid chromatography is a form of column chromatography that pumps an analyte mixture or analyte in a solvent/mobile phase at high pressure through a column with chromatographic packing material called as the stationary phase High-risk neuroblastoma forms the most common extracranial solid tumor in children Hinge region a portion of the immunoglobulin molecule with flexible amino acid stretch that links these two chains by disulfide bonds Hippeastrum Hybrid (Amaryllis) includes perennial bulbous plants Human bronchial epithelial cells isolated from the surface epithelium of human bronchi and play a role in lung lubrication, humidity maintenance, and the cleaning of the respiratory tract Human butyrylcholinesterase is a nonspecific cholinesterase enzyme hydrolysing different choline-based esters Human CMP-Sia transporter is coded by the SLC35A1 gene, catalyzes transport of CMP-sialic acid from the cytosol into Golgi where glycosyltransferases function Human endothelial cell protein C receptor is an N-glycosylated type I membrane protein that plays a role in the activation of protein C, belongs to the MHC class I/CD1 and is encoded by the PROCR gene Human heme oxygenase-1 catalyzes the cleavage of the heme ring at the α-methene bridge to form biliverdin which is subsequently converted to bilirubin Human immunodeficiency virus is retrovirus that causes HIV infection Human influenza virus X31 also called H3N2 influenza strain Human leukocyte antigen code for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in humans Human tissue factor pathway inhibitor tissue factor (TF) pathway inhibitor (TFPI) inhibits blood coagulation Human umbilical vein are endothelial cells originated from endothelium of veins of umbilical cord Hunter syndrome or mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), is aLSD caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S) leading to accumulation of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate in all body tissues Hyaluronic acid is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan predominantly found in connective, epithelial, and neural tissues Hydrops fetalis is a fetal condition in fetus due to abnormal accumulation of fluid in ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and skin edema Hydroxyproline constitute collagen and together with proline plays important roles in conferring collagen stability Hyperacute rejection initiated within a few minutes of a transplant due to tissue incompatibility Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are a group of disorders of the muscle caused by muscle inflammation and difficulty in movement IgA nephropathy also Berger's disease is a kidney disease due to anti IgA antibodies that deposit in kidneys leading to local and affected kidney function Immune receptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif is the conserved sequence of signature amino acids (S/I/V/LxYxxI/V/L) found in the cytoplasmic tails of many inhibitory receptors of the immune system Immunoglobulin acts as antibodies, synthesized by B cells, give rise to the humoral branch of the immune system Immunoglobulin-like transcript represent novel Ig superfamily receptors, expressed in dendritic cells, lymphoid and myeloid cells Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif is a conserved sequence of four amino acids motif of a tyrosine separated from a leucine or isoleucine by any two other amino acids, like YxxL/I. This signature is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of certain cell surface proteins of the immune system and play a role in signal transduction Inborn errors of metabolism is a type of genetic disease involving metabolic congenital disorders Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: ICP-MS is an instrumental analytical technique used as a high-temperature ionization source (ICP) coupled to a mass spectrometer Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy or ICP-OES, is an analytical emission spectrophotometric technique used to detect chemicals by excited electrons and emitting energy at a given wavelength as they return to ground state characteristic of the atom. As the emitted energy intensity at the particular wavelength is proportional to the concentration of that element, the emitted wavelengths are emitted and their intensities enable qualitative and quantitative estimation of the elements in the sample as compared to the reference materials Infantile sialic acid storage disorder is a Sialic acid storage disease and autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder Influenza A virus it is a type of influenza virus, comprising hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N) which may be of 18 different H subtypes and 11 N subtypes and different strains of influenza A virus include influenza A (H1N1) and influenza A (H3N2) viruses Influenza virus belongs to Orthomyxoviridae family, of enveloped viruses with segmented negative-sense single-strand RNA segments, including four genera A, B, C, and Thogotovirus, of which, A and B cause influenza in humans Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus where individuals produce very little or no insulin Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein bind insulin-like growth factors-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II) with high-affinity-promoting cell differentiation, growth, proliferation, and survival Intercellular adhesion molecule belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily, with five members, including ICAM-1 to ICAM-5, playing a vital role in inflammation, immune responses, and in intracellular signaling Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a cytokine that plays a role in both innate and adaptive immunity, activates macrophages, induces MHC Class II molecule, and acts against viral, some bacterial, and protozoal infections Interleukin-2 is a cytokine that plays a role in signaling in the immune system and regulates leukocytes, lymphocytes activity, and immunity Intravenous injection is injected directly into the veins Kallikrein 6 coded by the KLK6 gene are serine proteases having diverse physiological functions and has been implicated in cancers Keratan sulfates are sulfated glycosaminoglycans predominant in expression in bones, cartilage, and cornea Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor is a type I transmembrane glycoproteins expressed on NK cells and T cells that regulate the killing function of these cells by interacting with MHC class I molecules Knockout organisms have an existing gene disrupted by replacing it with an artificial DNA Krabbe disease or leukodystrophy or galactosylceramide lipidosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder and often fatal LSD leading to the damaged nervous system due to aberrant metabolism of sphingolipids Lectin a protein that recognizes and binds to glycans Leishmania donovani intracellular parasites of genus Leishmania, causing leishmaniasis Ligand It is recognized by a specific receptor Lipid-associated sialic acid finds application as a serum marker in cancer Lipid-linked oligosaccharides are the substrates of oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) that transfers oligosaccharide onto the acceptor asparagine during N-glycosylation Lipooligosaccharide are glycolipids comprised of core oligosaccharide (OS) and lipid A components Lipopolysaccharide or lipoglycans and endotoxins consist of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core, and inner core linked by a covalent bond located in Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that enables physical separation by HPLC and analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) Low-density lipoproteins are lipoproteins that carry cholesterol to and from cells Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue Lysosomal Storage disorders about 50 rare inherited metabolic disorders due to defective lysosomal function Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 coded by LMP2 gene is a lysosomeassociated membrane glycoprotein Magnetic nanoparticles are nanoparticles made up of substances with magnetic properties like iron, nickel, and cobalt and they can be manipulated in magnetic fields Magnetic resonance imaging noninvasive imaging technology of radiology producing three-dimensional anatomical images of the anatomy and physiological processes of the body Mannose is a C-2 epimer of glucose and finds importance in glycosylation of certain proteins Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome or MPS VI is a rare genetic disorder due to lack of enzyme activity arylsulfatase B Mass spectrometry is an analytical method in which chemicals to be identified are ionized and sorted into a spectrum based on their mass-to-charge ratio Matrix metallopeptidase 9 are zinc-metalloproteinases that are involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, coded by MMP9 gene in humans Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are the latest developments of nanoparticles that find application in drug delivery Methotrexate is a drug used in the treatment of arthritis and cancer MHC class I chain-related protein or MICA and MICB are polymorphic proteins induced by stress, damage or transformation of cells that triggers cell killing through NK cells Microheterogeneity Structural variations in a glycan Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus or MERS is a viral respiratory disease caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus or MERS-CoV Molecularly imprinted polymers are designed recognition materials that mimic biological receptors Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that originate from unique parent cell that they bind to the same epitope Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is one of the chemokines regulating migration and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages Monosialoganglioside 3 constitutes more than 70% of total human milk gangliosides Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative, diplococcus bacteria causing respiratory infections and infectious middle ear, eye, central nervous system, and joints of humans Mucins are heavily glycosylated proteins produced by epithelial tissues in most animals Mucopolysaccharidosis inherited disorders in which body fails to breakdown mucopolysaccharides Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder affecting the CNS, brain, and spinal cord Multiple sulfatase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, leading to LSD in deficiency of sulfatases causing accumulation of sulfatides, sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the body Multiwalled CNTs hollow, cylindrical allotropes of carbon with a high aspect ratio (length to diameter ratio) and may be of 30 nm diameter Mumps virus affects salivary glands and can lead to fever, swollen jaws Muscle lactate dehydrogenases are cytoplasmic, and isoenzymes of muscle Muscle phosphofructokinase is an enzyme that regulates glycolysis and deficiency is associated with a rare muscular metabolic disorder, autosomal recessive in inheritance Muscle phosphoglycerate mutase is a homotetramer enzyme and is a disorder that affects skeletal muscle in movement Myelin-associated glycoprotein is a type 1 transmembrane protein glycoprotein, expressed in periaxonal Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte membranes, with a role in glial-axonal interactions N-acetyl-d-glucosamine/N-acetylglucosamine is a glucose derivative and is an amide between glucosamine and acetic acid N-acetylgalactosamine also abbreviated as GalNAc is an amino sugar derivative of galactose, forms terminal carbohydrate in antigen of blood group A, connects serine or threonine during protein O-glycosylation. Plays a role in intercellular communication and formation of sensory nerve structures in humans and animals N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase acts as hydrolase cleaving the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase uses two substrates UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and polypeptide, producing UDP and N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-polypeptide.

(UDP-Nacetyl-D-galactosamine+polypeptide⇌UDP+N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-polypeptide) N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate 2′-epimerase catalyzes reaction UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine⇌UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine N-acetyllactosamine is structurally nitrogen-containing disaccharide, intermediate in
Keratan sulfate and N-Glycan biosynthesis N-acetylneuraminic acid forms the predominant sialic acid in human and many mammalian cells Nanocapsules nanodimensional shells, ranging from 10 to 1000 nm in diameter with nontoxic polymeric material with an inner liquid/solid core. With the property of stability, they find application in drug delivery Nanoparticles are particles of nanometre scale of below 100 nm, possessing physical properties of uniformity, conductance, strength, biocompatibility or special optical properties that find application in materials science and biology

Natural killer cells are innate immune cells with functions like cytotoxic lymphocytes
Neisseria meningitidis Gram-negative bacteria causing meningitis, meningococcal disease, meningococcemia, and sepsis Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria causing gonorrhoea Neural cell adhesion molecule is a type of glycoprotein expressed on neurons, glia and skeletal muscle Neural stem cell or NSC are multipotent cells originating in the CNS that differentiate into neurons and glial cells Neuroectodermal tumors are malignant tumors of neuroectodermal origin Neuroimmune regulatory proteins or NIRegs including CD95L, TNF, CD200, CD47, sialic acids, CD55, CD46, fH, C3a, and HMGB1 can suppress innate immunity and inflammation. NIRegs may play in controlling lymphocyte, microglia hyperinflammatory responses, neurogenesis, and brain tissue remodeling Neutrophils extracellular traps are extracellular structures composed of chromatin, cellular proteins, granules that bind, trap, and kill pathogens Newcastle disease virus causes bird disease in domestic and wild species N-Glycan a glycan that is covalently linked to an asparagine (Asn) residue of a polypeptide in the consensus sequence of -Asn-X-Ser/Thr N-glycolylneuraminic acid or Neu5Gc is a sialic acid molecule in most nonhuman mammals and absent in humans as they lack CMAH gene although reported in apes N-hydroxysuccinimide or NHS can convert carboxyl groups to amine-reactive NHS esters for bioconjugation, cross-linking of molecules, etc Nicotiana benthamiana closely related to tobacco plant indigenous to Australia Nicotiana tabacum is the scientific name for the tobacco plant Niemann-Pick type C or NPC is a rare progressive genetic disorder caused due to aberrant cholesterol and other fatty acid transport Nitric oxide or NO is cell signaling molecule, playing a role in physiology Nitric oxide synthase catalyzes nitric oxide (NO) production from L-arginine N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptors are glutamate receptor and ion channel protein of nerve cells Non-small cell lung cancer is a type of epithelial lung cancer Non-Gal antibodies react with neuraminic acid terminal N-Acetyl and N-Glycoloyl forms and are present in humans and or nonhuman primates (NHP) and do not cause hyperacute xenorejection Nonhuman primates are primates other than humans including macaques, rhesus monkey, African green monkey, baboons, etc Nonimmune hydrops fetalis is a type of HF, is a severe fetal condition due to excessive fluid accumulation in extravascular compartments and body cavities of fetus Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacteria causing mucosal infections, otitis media, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, etc Nonulosonic acids or NulOs are negatively charged nine-carbon α-keto sugars including sialic, legionaminic, and pseudaminic acids O-acetyl-GD2 is the O-acetyl derivative of GD2 ganglioside. Here the outer sialic acid is modified by an O-acetyl ester O-Glycan a glycan glycosidically linked to the hydroxyl group of the amino acids serine, threonine, tyrosine, or hydroxylysine Oligosaccharyltransferase functions like a glycosyltransferase and catalyzes transfer of 14-sugar oligosaccharide from dolichol to protein during glycosylation reaction of proteins Open reading frame or ORF is stretch of codons that can be translated. Initiation codon is usually AUG while stop codon is usually UAA, UAG, or UGA Oxidative stress is caused due to an imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants leading to damage of the body Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma involves exocrine pancreatic malignancy Parainfluenza virus causes upper and lower respiratory illnesses Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the nervous system that affects movement Pasteurella haemolytica causes respiratory diseases in cow, sheep, and goat Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are signatures expressed by pathogens that are recognized by innate immune receptors PRRs including TLR, NLR, etc. that play a role in the activation of innate immune responses and removal of the pathogen Pathogen recognition receptors can detect signatures of PAMPs of the pathogen. They are components of the innate immune system Pathogenic prion protein is the pathogenic form of prion protein Prp leading to diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) Perineural invasion invasion of cancerous growth along nerves, and is common in head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer Peripheral blood lymphocytes comprise T cells, NK cells, and B cells and they are mature lymphocytes that circulate in the blood

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells comprise of lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK
cells) and monocytes in peripheral blood Peripheral nervous system includes nerves and ganglia outside the CNS, brain, and spinal cord Philaenus spumarius is a vector for plant pest commonly called as meadow froghopper Phosphorylase kinase is a serine/threonine protein kinase that activates glycogen phosphorylase to release glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen Pig corneal endothelial cells are endothelial cells from pig cornea Platelet-derived Growth factor receptor plays a role in cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, development in health and disease like cancer Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase can catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose to proteins and is known to play a role in DNA repair, genomic stability, and apoptosis Polymerase chain reaction is a technique that enables making multiple copies of a specific desired DNA Polysialic acid is α2,8-linked sialic acid homopolymer, expressed on embryonic and adult brain neural precursors Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease damaging muscle and nerve cells due to defective glycogen catabolism, due to lacking lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase enzyme leading to accumulation of glycogen in the lysosome Porcine endogenous retroviruses is a retrovirus infection of which is a major threat while transplantation of pig tissue to humans Posttranslational modification or PTM is a covalent enzymatic modification of proteins after protein biosynthesis Principal component analysis is a technique used to emphasize variation in dataset and analyzes the patterns Prolyl-4-hydroxylases catalyzes the formation of (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) that enables stabilization of collagen triple helix, finds importance in collagen biosynthesis Protein Databank is a resource archiving information about the 3D shapes of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies for the study of molecular, structural, and computational biology of molecules PSA-neural cell adhesion molecule or PSA-NCAM is a marker of developing and migrating neurons and of synaptogenesis Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a capsulated, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria causing disease in plants, animals, and humans and especially hospitalized patients Pyruvate the conjugate base, CH 3 COCOO − , is intermediate metabolic pathways throughout the cell Quantum dots are nanocrystals of a semiconducting material with diameters of 2-10 nanometers Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic method based on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light from a laser source Reactive oxygen species are generated during microbial killing by immune cells. The species includes hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion (O2−), hydroxyl radical ( • OH), and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) Red blood cells or erythrocyte, are the cellular component of blood that carry oxygen Reticuloendothelial system is a part of the immune system comprising phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, causing inflammation, swelling, and pain affecting the hands and feet Rhizoctonia solani agglutinin is found in mycelium and sclerotia of the pathogenic fungus R. solani with selectivity toward terminal nonreducing N-acetylgalactosamine residue RNA interference or RNAi inhibit gene expression or translation of targeted mRNA molecules Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a bacterial disease spread by an infected tick Salla disease is an autosomal recessive LSD revealing physical impairment and disabled intellect Sambucus nigra agglutinin reveal preferential affinity toward sialic acid attached to terminal galactose in α-2,6 linkage Sambucus sieboldiana agglutinin is obtained from the barks of plants of genus Sambucus with binding preferences for sialylated glycoconjugates containing NeuAc(α2-6)Gal/ GalNAc sequence Sanfilippo syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive LSD with a deficiency in enzymes to break down glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparan sulfate Scanning electron microscopy is a type of electron microscopy where images of a sample are produced by scanning the surface with a focused electron beam Schizophrenia is a mental disorder appearing in late adolescence or early adulthood, with symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, and cognitive disorders Self-assembled monolayer molecular assemblies of organic molecules formed spontaneously on surfaces by adsorption Self-associated molecular patterns are hypothesized to be inhibitory receptors that dampen autoimmune responses Serine hydroxymethyl transferase plays an important role in cellular one-carbon pathways catalyzing the reversible, conversions of L-serine to glycine and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate Severe combined immunodeficiency is a primary immune deficiency, with defective T & B lymphocyte functions Sialic acid mimetics They are chemically modified natural sialic acid ligands with improved binding affinity and selectivity Sialic acid 9-phosphate phosphatase or N-acylneuraminate-9-phosphatase catalyzes N-acylneuraminate 9-phosphate+H 2 O⇌N-acylneuraminate+phosphate Sialic acid 9-phosphate synthase or N-acylneuraminate-9-phosphate synthase catalyzes phosphoenolpyruvate+N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate+H 2 O⇌Nacylneuraminate 9-phosphate+phosphate Sialic acid acetyl esterase catalyzes the synthesis of 9-O acetylated sialic acid Sialic acid synthase plays a role in biosynthetic pathways of sialic acids.
N-acetylmannosamine 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate are used to generate phosphorylated forms of Neu5Ac and KDN Sialic acids acidic sugars with a nine-carbon backbone, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid is most common in vertebrates Sialoadhesin is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on the macrophage surface Sialylated capsular polysaccharide finds importance in virulence of group B streptococci Sialyl-Lewis(x) is a tetrasaccharide carbohydrate, attached to O-glycans. It plays a role in cell-cell recognition and as a ligand for the selectin on endothelial cells mediate extravasation of neutrophils into sites of injury or infection Sialyl-Tn or Sialyl-Thomsen-nouveau antigen is formed by GalNAc linked to serine or threonine by a glycosidic bond Sialyltransferases are enzymes that transfer sialic acid to oligosaccharide chain and terminal ends of gangliosides or to the N-or O-linked glycoproteins revealing specificity toward particular sugar substrate Siglec-engaging tolerance inducing antigenic liposomes Siglecs/Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin: Sialic acid-binding proteins, members of the I-type lectin family Signaling lymphocyte activating molecule expressed by B and T cells is a CD2-related surface receptor, acts as a self-ligand enhancing T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. Defective SLAM-associated protein (SAP) leads to X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) Single-nucleotide polymorphisms include a substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome, and each variation exists in a population. Sometimes they can give rise to defective proteins Single-positive at the final stage of thymocyte maturation T cells are single-positive either CD4 or CD8 Single-walled CNTs are hollow, long cylinders of one atomic sheet of carbon atoms in a honeycomb lattice with extraordinary electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties and find application in basic research SLAM-associated protein is an adaptor molecule with a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and is expressed in T cells and NK cells and binds to SLAM family receptors thereafter recruiting Fyn and leading to downstream signaling pathways Small-cell lung cancer comprises about 10% of all lung cancers Small interfering RNA is a double-stranded RNA, about 20-25 bp interfering with the gene expression of specific genes with complementary nucleotide sequences and by degrading mRNA after transcription Sodium sialic acid symporter is a secondary active transporter, belonging to the family of sodium solute symporter (SSS), that use Na + gradients for extracellular substrates uptake Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a biotechnology technique by which the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to an enucleated egg cytoplasm to create hybrids of the desired quality Sonic spray ionization is a technique to ionize compounds and prepare them for mass spectrometric analysis Spodoptera frugiperda insect pest belonging to order Lepidoptera Sulfated glycosaminoglycan Sulfation is catalyzed by sulfotransferases (STs). Sulfated glycosaminoglycans enable cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. Defective sulfation of GAGs can lead to diseases Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles or SPIONs comprise cores made of iron oxides that can be targeted to the required area through external magnets. With properties of superparamagnetism, high field irreversibility, high saturation field, they find applications in drug delivery into specific target sites Superoxide anion is a reactive oxygen species, is a free radical and paramagnetic properties, product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen O 2 . Superoxide dismutase (SOD) protects the cell from its deleterious effects Surface-enhanced Raman scattering is a technique enhancing Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces Swine endothelial cells or pig endothelial cells interact with human body after organ xenotransplantation. Finds application in cases of end-stage organ failure in humans T-cell receptors are antigen receptors on the T cells that play a role in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in adaptive immune responses T-cell-independent type-2 is a T-independent antigen with highly repetitive structure and can simultaneously cross-link BCR and can produce antibodies by B cells without T-cell involvement T. cruzi trans-sialidase is a virulence factor from Trypanosoma cruzi, playing a role in protozoan biology T effector cells are T-cells that interact with a target cell displaying specific antigen T regulatory cells are T cells that regulate or suppress immune responses Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder leading to nerve cell damage in the CNS Thin-layer chromatography is an analytical chromatographic technique used to separate the mixture using a thin stationary phase supported by an inert backing. Each separated component is calculated for its retention factor (Rf) detected by distance migrated over the total distance covered by the solvent and is calculated by Rf=distance traveled by sample/distance traveled by the solvent TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β is an adapter protein that plays a role in TLR activation Tissue factor is also called platelet tissue factor and is coded by the F3 gene that plays a role in clotting TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand is a ligand playing a role in apoptosis Tobacco mosaic virus belongs to genus Tobamovirus and is a positive-sense singlestranded RNA virus infecting plants, like tobacco and other plants making a mosaic-like appearance on the leaves Toll-like receptors or TLRs are type I transmembrane pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are innate immune receptors that can sense pathogens molecular signatures (PAMPS) or damage signals (DAMPS) thereby initiating an immune response Transcription activator-like effector nucleases are artificial restriction enzymes (RE) engineered to cut sequences of DNA of interest for experimental purposes Transendothelial migration or TEM or diapedesis involves leukocyte extravasation in which leukocytes squeeze across the endothelial lining of blood vessels to inflammation sites Trimethyl chitosan is a quaternized hydrophilic derivative of chitosan Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, transmitted to humans by triatomine bugs Tumor microenvironment is the environment encompassing a growing tumor including blood vessels, extracellular matrix, etc Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine playing a role in systemic inflammation and in acute phase reaction Tumor-associated antigens found only on tumor cells, not found in normal healthy cells Turnip yellow mosaic virus belongs to family Tymoviridae, infects cabbages, cauliflower, broccoli, etc UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase they catalyze mucin-type linkages (GalNAcalpha1-O-Ser/Thr), transferring GalNAc from the sugar donor UDP-GalNAc to serine and threonine residues UL-binding protein includes a novel family of MHC class I-related molecules (MICs) that can bind to the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein UL16 Ultraviolet rays-rays from the sun, causing skin burn and can cause skin cancer United States, Food and Drug Administration is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, drugs, and pharmaceutical safety and use, blood transfusions, animal feed, etc Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase catalyzes UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine⇌UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is the infection by E. coli in urinary tract causing urinary tract infection (UTI) in neonates, preschool girls, sexually active women, and elderly women and men Variable domain It is the region of the Fab or fragment, antigen-binding region of an immunoglobulin molecule. Fab comprises one V domain from each heavy and light chain of the Ig molecule Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 functions in cell adhesion Vascular endothelial growth factor and Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor play a role in major physiological processes and angiogenesis Very late antigen form members of molecules that play a role in adhesion and embryogenesis vesicular stomatitis virus is a member of family Rhabdovirideae and is negative-sense RNA virus, infecting mammalian and insect cells Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterium, the causative agent for cholera Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase plays a role in cholera pathogenesis by removing sialic acid and unmasking gangliosides like GM1, the receptor for cholera toxin (CT) and then CT increases the severity of the infection Visceral adipose tissues fat tissue located deep in the abdomen and around internal organs Visceral leishmaniasis also called as kala-azar caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania Wheat germ agglutinin is a lectin with binding specificity toward N-acetyl-Dglucosamine and Sialic acid Wild type is that which occurs normally in nature, in contrast to mutant form World Health Organisation is an Organisation which directs international health within the United Nations' system and global health responses Xenoreactive antibodies initiate hyperacute rejection of transplanted organs from pigs to primates Xylose is a monosaccharide of aldopentose type with five carbon atoms and an aldehyde group Zinc-finger nucleases are engineered DNA-binding proteins facilitating targeted genome editing by producing double-strand DNA breaks at desired locations. It is a powerful genome editing tool. The two domains include (i) A DNA-binding domain forming a zinc-finger protein and (ii) A DNA-cleaving domain of the nuclease domain of Fok I. The fused domains act as molecular scissors Zona pellucid is the transparent membrane covering the mammalian ovum prior to implantation α-1,3-Galactosyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of galactose α-1-Acid glycoprotein also called as orosomucoid, is an acute phase protein (APP) in blood β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases A or GalNAcT that catalyzes the synthesis of the glycosphingolipids GM2, GD2, and GA2 β-Galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase-1 catalyzes transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to galactose-containing acceptor substrates