Mechanisms of exercise effects on bone quantity and quality

doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-814841-9.00076-2

Principles of Bone Biology (Fourth Edition)

2020, Pages 1759-1784

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814841-9.00076-2 Get rights and content

Abstract

Exercise plays a critical role in treating and preventing osteoporosis. Mechanical signals, a principal component of exercise, can simultaneously promote bone and muscle formation while inhibiting fat formation. This seemingly inverse behavior towards mechanical signals indicates that cells within the bone and marrow may respond to their mechanical environment differently. Thus, the design of an “optimal exercise” regimen to simultaneously promote bone formation, inhibit bone loss, and delay the onset of obesity requires a deeper understanding of how the cells within the bone and the marrow interact with each other and respond to their mechanical environment. This chapter first defines the functional loading environment of the bone to demonstrate that the ability of mechanical signals to influence bone morphology strongly depends on the signal characteristics and then it delves into various cellular and molecular events that play a role in transducing the mechanical signals into biochemical cues to regulate overall bone health.

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Citation Excerpt :
Enriched or furnished cages (FUR) in comparison to conventional cages (CON) provide more space for movement, more opportunity for load bearing exercise such as perching, jumping etc., and support for expression of normal behavior such as scratching, perching, preening etc. Rearing pullets in FUR could be one way of enhancing bone mineralization and strength in pullets (Campbell et al., 2019) because exercise positively enhances bone development (Greene et al., 2006; Koistinen et al., 2014; Yuan et al., 2016; Patel et al., 2020). Mineral nutrition especially Ca and P plays a pivotal role in establishing and sustaining bone quality (Lukić et al., 2009; Korver, 2020).
The effects of rearing cage type and dietary Ca, available P and vitamin D₃ (VitD₃) on body and skeletal development were studied. A total of 3,420 Lohmann LSL-Lite day-old chicks were reared in conventional (CON) or furnished cages (FUR) to 16 wk of age. Initially, 40 and 150 chicks/cage were placed in CON and FUR and transitioned to 20 and 75 chicks/cage at 8 wk of age, respectively. Three diets: Diet 1, Diet 1.5 and Diet 2 were formulated to meet nutrient specifications with Diet 1.5 and Diet 2 containing 1.5 and 2 times more Ca, P and VitD₃ than Diet 1, respectively. Diets were allocated within cage type to give 6 replicates and fed in 3 feeding programs: starter, grower and developer. At 4, 12 and 16 wk of age, BW was recorded, and femur, tibia and blood samples for bone quality and related parameters. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) of cage type, diet and pullet age on BW, plasma Ca and inorganic P, femur and tibia morphometry, mineral density (MD), breaking strength (BS) and ash concentration (AC). Concentration of Ca, P and VitD₃ linearly decreased BW (P < 0.001), relative femur (P = 0.010) and tibia weight (P = 0.013). A quadratic increase on femur MD (P = 0.03) and BS (P = 0.026) was observed with dietary concentration of Ca, P and VitD₃. Femur (P = 0.031) was longer for CON than FUR pullets, however, femur for FUR pullets had higher (P = 0.003) AC. Cage had no effect (P ≥ 0.415) femoral MD and BS. Pullets reared in FUR cages exhibited higher tibial MD (P = 0.015), BS (P = 0.071), AC (P < 0.01) and whole-body mineral content (P < 0.01). In conclusion, cage type and diets showed independent effect on femur and tibia quality with FUR pullets exhibiting enhanced indices of mineralization. Feeding pullets twice the recommended Ca, P and VitD₃ decreased BW, relative weight of leg bone but enhanced femoral strength with no effects on tibia attributes.
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Chapter 76 - Mechanisms of exercise effects on bone quantity and quality

Abstract