1.1.2.6 Internal anatomy of the Adult Female

doi:10.1016/S1572-4379(97)80045-0

World Crop Pests

Volume 7, Part A, 1997, Pages 73-90

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This chapter discusses the knowledge on the internal anatomy of soft scale insects, supplemented with original scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations. The most anterior part of the insect alimentary tract is the food canal, located in the maxillary stylets. This leads into the pharyngeal duct. The pharynx, a short narrow tube, leaves the tentorial box anteriorly and then turns upwards and posteriorly, where it becomes the oesophagus. The oesophageal tube, a broader tube than the pharynx, runs posteriorly beneath the salivary glands and above the nervous system to open into the midgut. This is a still broader tube that forms a big loop in the haemocoel, finally passing back to and connecting with the anterior part, forming the filter chamber. The filter chamber opens into the small ileum, followed by a very broad rectum. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion within the body of the scale insect is performexl within a well-developed tracheal system, assuring gaseous exchange between cells and the outside air. This tracheal network is connected to the exterior through two pairs of spiracles situated latero-ventrally on the meso- and metathorax. General organization of the female reproductive system consists of two ovaries, each with a simple lateral oviduct of endodermal origin, joined to a very short common oviduct of ectodermal origin. The internal reproductive system of the adult male has a pair of small, slender, elongated testes, a seminal duct, and an ejaculatory duct. The epithelial cells forming the sheath of the testes are characterized by a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, with mitochondria and microvilli at their apex.

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The tips of some of the microvilli were enlarged (Fig. 7C). An alimentary canal of similar structure to that observed in the female C. japonicus has been reported for other scale insects (Berlese, 1894; Pesson, 1944; Bielenin, 1963; Foldi, 1972, 1973, 1990, 1997; Marzo and Marotta, 2001). However, some novel observations were found in the current study.
The morphology and ultrastructure of the alimentary canal in the adult female of the Japanese wax scale, Ceroplastes japonicus Green (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), was investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the foregut was subdivided into a sclerotized pharynx and an oesophagus. A pair of salivary glands attached in the middle of the foregut. The loop-shaped midgut was narrow and longer than the foregut and its inner wall lined with a thick layer of epithelia. The hindgut was divided into a narrower ileum and a broader rectum, with the well-developed filter chamber enclosed in the anterior rectum. Malpighian tubules consisted of two brownish-yellow moniliform tubules with pores, approximately 1 μm in diameter, scattered on the outer surface and many spherical crystals inside the tubules.
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There are a number of intriguing exceptions and variations to the classical rule that the sperm and ovum share equal parentage in a diploid zygote. There is an enormous diversity of organismal life cycles that do not involve cell fusion at all (e.g., those of bacteria) or that involve fusion of isogamous gametes rather than sperm and ova. This chapter focuses particularly on unusual systems that are derived from the classical sperm–egg fusion system that is so familiar. It considers systems in which the parentage of diploid offspring is not shared equally between the sperm and the egg but instead is monopolized by one or the other. It discusses the potential for sperm–egg and sperm–female conflict under such genetic systems and considers whether these conflicts have affected the evolution of sperm in some lineages. Furthermore, it discusses the unusual case of endosperm development in angiosperms, in which sperm fuse with non-egg cells to establish purely somatic cell lineages, and some analogous cases of somatic tissues in insects that develop from polar bodies.
Unusual gametic and genetic systems
2008, Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective
There are a number of intriguing exceptions and variations to the classical rule that the sperm and ovum share equal parentage in a diploid zygote. There is an enormous diversity of organismal life cycles that do not involve cell fusion at all (e.g., those of bacteria) or that involve fusion of isogamous gametes rather than sperm and ova. This chapter focuses particularly on unusual systems that are derived from the classical sperm–egg fusion system that is so familiar. It considers systems in which the parentage of diploid offspring is not shared equally between the sperm and the egg but instead is monopolized by one or the other. It discusses the potential for sperm–egg and sperm–female conflict under such genetic systems and considers whether these conflicts have affected the evolution of sperm in some lineages. Furthermore, it discusses the unusual case of endosperm development in angiosperms, in which sperm fuse with non-egg cells to establish purely somatic cell lineages, and some analogous cases of somatic tissues in insects that develop from polar bodies.
A dynamical model of honeydew droplet production by sooty-beech scale insects (Ultracoelostoma spp.) in New Zealand Nothofagus forest
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The paired ovaries of Steingelia gorodetskia are composed of about 100 telotrophic ovarioles devoid of terminal filaments (scale insect autapomorphy). In structure they resemble those of other scale insects, but differ in the following details: (a) all ovarioles develop synchronously, (b) they are suspended to the lateral oviducts by means of long stalks, (c) the tropharium is tubular (unique in scale insects) and (d) consists of 15–35, trophocytes, 2–4 previtellogenic oocytes that further develop, and numerous somatic prefollicular cells, (e) the vitellarium houses 2–4 linearly arranged vitellarial oocytes (versus one in most scale insects). Most of these features must be considered as plesiomorphic corresponding with the conditions in the most primitive Heteroptera. Bacterial endosymbionts have been found in some somatic cells, trophocytes, oocytes and in the nutritive cord. Present results support the opinion, based on external morphology, that the Steingeliidae are closely related to the Ortheziidae, Xylococcidae and Matsucoccidae.
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1.1.2.6 Internal anatomy of the Adult Female

Publisher Summary

International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology

Les Cochenilles de France, d'Europe, du Nord de l'Afrique et du Bassin Mediterranéen. Vol.2. Caractères généraux des Cochenilles. Morphologie interne

Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles

Some aspects of the biology of armored scale insects

Endeavour

Le cocciniglie Italiane viventi sugli agrumi, Parte II.I Lecanium

Rivista di Patologia Vegetale

Anatomical and histological investigations on the genus Lecanium Burm.Part I. Female reproductive organs of Lecaniumpomeranicum Kaw. (Homoptera Coccoidea)

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia

Anatomical and histological investigations on the genus Lecanium Burm. Part II. The male reproductive organs of Lecanium pomeranicum Kaw. (Homoptera, Coccoidea)

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia

Anatomical and histological investigations on the genus Lecanium BurmPart III. The nervous system of Lecanium pomeranicum Kaw. (Homoptera Coccoidea)

Zoologica Poloniae

Anatomical and histological investigations of the genus Lecanium Burm. Part IV. The alimentary canal of Lecanium pomeranicum Kaw. (Homoptera, Coccoidea)

Zoologica Poloniae

Structure du sperme et migration des spermatozoides dans les voies génitales femelles de Chrysomphalus ficus (Homopt., Diaspididae)

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France

Valeur morphologique de la lame maxillaire chez les Hemiptera; Remarques phylogenetiques

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France

Types of the female reproductive system in some scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea)

Morphologie de la tête des Insectes

Données ultrastructurales et histochimiques sur le tube digestif et en particulier sur la chambre filtrante de deux Cochenilles, Icerya purchasi Mask, et Planococcus citri Risso (Insecta, Homoptera)

Thèse de Docteur-Ingénieur à l'Université de Paris VI