Effects of ferrous and manganese ions on anammox process in sequencing batch biofilm reactors

doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60531-8

Journal of Environmental Sciences

Volume 26, Issue 5, May 2014, Pages 1034-1039

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60531-8 Get rights and content

Abstract

Ferrous and manganese ions, as essential elements, significantly affect the synthesis of Haem-C, which participates in the energy metabolism and proliferation of anammox bacteria. In this study, two identical sequencing batch biofilm reactors were used to investigate the effects of ferrous and manganese ions on nitrogen removal efficiency and the potential of metal ions serving as electron donor/acceptors in the anammox process. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was applied to investigate the microbial growth. Results showed that the nitrogen removal increased at high concentrations of Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ and the maximum removal efficiency was nearly 95% at Fe²⁺ 0.08 mmol/L and Mn²⁺ 0.05 mmol/L, which is nearly 15% and 8% higher than at the lowest Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ concentrations (0.04 and 0.0125 mmol/L). The stabilities of the anammox reactor and the anammox bacterial growth were also enhanced with the elevated Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ concentrations. The Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ were consumed by anammox bacteria along with the removal of ammonia and nitrite. Stoichiometry analysis showed Fe²⁺ could serve as an electron donor for NO⁻₃-N in the anammox process. Nitrate could be reduced with Fe²⁺ serving as the electron donor in the anammox system, which causes the value of NO⁻₂-N/NH⁻₄-N to decrease with the increasing of N-removal efficiency.

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The purpose of this review is to better understand the full life cycle and influence of ammonia from an aquatic biology perspective. While ammonia has toxic properties in water and air, it also plays a central role in the biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycle and regulates mechanisms of normal and abnormal fish physiology. Additionally, as the second most synthesized chemical on Earth, ammonia contributes economic value to many sectors, particularly fertilizers, energy storage, explosives, refrigerants, and plastics. But, with so many uses, industrial N₂-fixation effectively doubles natural reactive N concentrations in the environment. The consequence is global, with excess fixed nitrogen driving degradation of soils, water, and air; intensifying eutrophication, biodiversity loss, and climate change; and creating health risks for humans, wildlife, and fisheries. Thus, the need for ammonia research in aquatic systems is growing. In response, we prepared this review to better understand the complexities and connectedness of environmental ammonia. Even the term “ammonia” has multiple meanings. So, we have clarified the nomenclature, identified units of measurement, and summarized methods to measure ammonia in water. We then discuss ammonia in the context of the N-cycle, review its role in fish physiology and mechanisms of toxicity, and integrate the effects of human N-fixation, which continuously expands ammonia's sources and uses. Ammonia is being developed as a carbon-free energy carrier with potential to increase reactive nitrogen in the environment. With this in mind, we review the global impacts of excess reactive nitrogen and consider the current monitoring and regulatory frameworks for ammonia. The presented synthesis illustrates the complex and interactive dynamics of ammonia as a plant nutrient, energy molecule, feedstock, waste product, contaminant, N-cycle participant, regulator of animal physiology, toxicant, and agent of environmental change. Few molecules are as influential as ammonia in the management and resilience of Earth's resources.
Novel insight into the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of Fe(II)-mediated multi-metabolism in anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)
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Fe(II) participates in complex Fe-N cycles and effects on the microbial metabolism in the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) dominated system. In this study, the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of Fe(II)-mediated multi-metabolism in anammox were revealed, and the potential role of Fe(II) in the nitrogen cycle was evaluated. The results showed that the long-term accumulation of high Fe(II) concentrations (70–80 mg/L) led to a hysteretic inhibition of anammox. High Fe(II) concentrations induced the generation of high levels of intracellular ·O₂⁻, whereas the antioxidant capacity was insufficient to eliminate the excess ·O₂⁻, thus causing ferroptosis to anammox cells. In addition, Fe(II) was oxidized via nitrate-dependent anaerobic ferrous-oxidation (NAFO) process, and mineralized to coquimbite and phosphosiderite. They formed crusts on the surface of the sludge, leading to mass transfer obstruction. The results of the microbial analysis showed that the addition of appropriate Fe(II) increased the abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia, and served as a potential electron donor to enrich Denitratisoma, promoting anammox and NAFO coupled with nitrogen removal, while high Fe(II) concentrations reduced the enrichment level. In this study, the understanding of Fe(II)-mediated multi-metabolism in the nitrogen cycle was deepened, providing the basis for the development of Fe(II)-based anammox technologies.
Effects of Fe oxides and their redox cycling on Cd activity in paddy soils: A review
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Cadmium (Cd) contamination of soils is a global problem, particularly in paddy soils. Fe oxides, as a key fraction of paddy soils, can significantly affect the environmental behavior of Cd, which is controlled by complicated environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically collect and generalize relevant knowledge, which can provide more insight into the migration mechanism of Cd and a theoretical basis for future remediation of Cd contaminated paddy soils. This paper summarized that (1) Fe oxides influence Cd activity through adsorption, complexation, and coprecipitation during transformation; (2) compared with the flooded period, the activity of Cd during the drainage period is stronger in paddy soils, and the affinity of different Fe components for Cd was distinct; (3) Fe plaque reduced Cd activity but was associated with plant Fe²⁺ nutritional status; (4) the physicochemical properties of paddy soils have the greatest impact on the interaction between Fe oxides and Cd, especially with pH and water fluctuations.
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Nitrate-reducing ferrous [Fe(II)]-oxidizing (NRFO) has been reported from lake sediments as a natural reduction pathway. However, the effects of the contents of Fe(II) and sediment organic carbon (SOC) on the NRFO process still remain unclear. In this study, the influences of Fe(II) and organic carbon on nitrate reduction were analyzed quantitatively at two typical seasonal temperatures (25 °C representing summers and 5 °C for winters) by conducting a series of batch incubation experiments, using surficial sediments at the western zone of Lake Taihu (Eastern China). Results showed that Fe(II) greatly promoted NO₃‾-N reduction by denitrification (DNF) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) processes at high-temperature (25 °C, representing summer season). As Fe (II) increased (e.g., Fe(II)/NO₃‾ = 4), the promotion effect on NO₃‾-N reduction was weakened, but on the other side, the DNRA process was enhanced. In comparison, the NO₃‾-N reduction rate obviously decreased at low-temperature (5 °C, representing the winter season). NRFO in sediments mainly belongs to biological rather than abiotic processes. A relatively high SOC content apparently increased the rate of NO₃‾-N reduction (r = 0.023–0.053 mM/d), particularly on the heterotrophic NRFO. It is interesting that the Fe(II) consistently remained active in the nitrate reduction processes no matter whether SOC was sufficient in the sediment, particularly at high-temperature. Overall, the combining effects of both Fe(II) and SOC in surficial sediments made a great contribution towards NO₃‾-N reduction and N removal in a lake system. These results provide a better understanding and estimation of N transformation in sediments of the aquatic ecosystem under different environmental conditions.
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Journal of Environmental Sciences

Abstract

References (28)

Bacterial iron homeostasis

Fems Microbiol. Rev.

Ammonium oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron under anaerobic conditions in wetland soils

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Stability of the ANAMMOX process in a gas-lift reactor and a SBR

J. Biotechnol.

Co-existence of anammox and denitrification for simultaneous nitrogen and carbon removal: Strategies and issues

J. Hazard. Mater.

Growth, maintenance and product formation of autotrophs in activated sludge: Taking the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria as example

Water Res.

Possibility of anoxic ferric ammonium oxidation

J. Biosci. Bioeng.

Start-up of the anammox process in a membrane bioreactor

J. Biotechnol.

Combined structural and chemical analysis of the anammoxosome: A membrane-bounded intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox bacteria

J. Struct. Biol.

Novel partial nitritation treatment for anaerobic digestion liquor of swine wastewater using swim-bed technology

J. Biosci. Bioeng.

Anammox process for nitrogen removal from anaerobically digested fish canning effluents

Water Sci. Technol.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation in deep-sea sediments off the Washington margin

Limnol. Oceanogr.

Current molecular biologic techniques for characterizing environmental microbial community

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

Molecular detection of anammox bacteria in terrestrial ecosystems: Distribution and diversity

Isme J.

A manganese(IV)/iron(III) cofactor in Chlamydia trachomatis ribonucleotide reductase

Science

Cited by (53)

Effects of Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, SO<inf>4</inf><sup>2−</sup> on nitrogen removal in an Anammox biofilter

Ammonia and aquatic ecosystems – A review of global sources, biogeochemical cycling, and effects on fish

Novel insight into the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of Fe(II)-mediated multi-metabolism in anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)

Effects of Fe oxides and their redox cycling on Cd activity in paddy soils: A review

Effects of Fe(II) and organic carbon on nitrate reduction in surficial sediments of a large shallow freshwater lake

Advances in microbially mediated manganese redox cycling coupled with nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment: A critical review and bibliometric analysis