Effects of different drip irrigation programs on the boll number and shedding percentage and yield of cotton
Introduction
Cotton is an important commercial crop which was adapted into tropical and subtropical areas and has an annual or perennial bush forms (Grimes and El-Zik, 1990). Average temperature during the normal growth period of cotton is adequate in the cotton production areas of Turkey. However, almost no cotton production areas of Turkey have enough precipitation. For this reason, it is necessary to irrigate cotton in Turkey (Turan and Göksoy, 1995). Irrigation is the most important and effective factor for obtaining high quality and productive yield when it is done conscientiously. Otherwise, drainage may cause an increase in salinity and various pests can affect the production negatively (Özçatalba and Direk, 1994).
Yield increase in cotton is possible with suitable and adequate irrigation. It has been determined that the yield of cotton, which is very sensitive to irrigation, can be increased three to four times by irrigation. On the other hand, irrigation which is not done at the proper time may lower the yield (Tekinel and Kanber, 1989). Time of irrigation during the growing period is important. While excessive irrigation can cause an increase in vegetative growth and a decrease in yield, infrequent irrigation can cause an increase in shedding and, thus, a drop in yield. Plants compensate for higher water stress at the end of the season because the yield at this period does not depend on shedding. Boll maturation is less affected by water stress. However, adequate water may be useful in normal boll maturation during the maturation period (Grimes and Yamada, 1982).
Furrow irrigation is preferred in cotton irrigation but other methods can be applied. However, sprinkle and drip irrigation methods are popular in areas which do not have a good water supply or the water requirement is high because the volume of the return flow is limited (Doorenbos and Kassam, 1986). In Spain, Mateos et al. (1992) compared furrow and drip irrigation methods in cotton and determined that drip method was more advantageous. In their study, water application output of drip irrigation was 30% higher than that of furrow irrigation. In addition, Fereres et al. (1985) indicated that drip irrigation promoted an early yield and increased the total yield.
As determined from former studies, drip irrigation had a positive impact on cotton yield. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate how the different water programs of drip irrigation affected the shedding rate and boll number of cotton.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
The study was carried out at the experimental farms of the University of Çukurova in 1994 and 1995 (36°59′N; 35°18′ altitude). Soil of the Mutlu series has vertisols formed on alluvium deposits, containing a high amount of clay but low amount of lime (Özbek et al., 1974). Characteristics of soil in the trial plots are shown in Table 1.
Mediterrenean climate is dominant in the area. Average temperature and annual precipitation is 18.8 °C and 645.8 mm, respectively, based on the many years of
Shedding rate
The average irrigation water, seasonal water uptake, and yield from the treatments are seen in Table 3, whereas Table 4 gives converted angle values of them. In addition, the shedding rate was evaluated by analysis of variance (Table 5). As it seen at Table 4, the shedding rate values were between 56.17 and 66.42 in the first year and between 37.47 and 45.00 in the second year. While the shedding rate of I1 were 2.3% lower than I2 in 1994, they were the same in 1995. However, the shedding rate
Conclusions
In our study, linear relationships between cotton yield and water consumption, and between shedding rate and boll number were detected. It was observed that a shortage of water generally increases the shedding rate and decreases the boll number. Furthermore, it was found that there was a significant (P<0.01) inverse linear relationship between shedding rate and the boll number.
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