Development of antinociceptive tolerance and changes of opioid receptor ligand binding in central nervous system of the mouse forced to single and repeated swimming in the cold water
Introduction
Antinociception produced in animals after exposure to a variety of aversive events has been well known. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that antinociceptive properties have been characterized in water swimming stress model. For example, exposure of animals to swimming stress in cold water produces antinociception measured in various pain models including the tail-flick 10., 20., 30., formalin 8., 9., 11., and writhing tests [21].
Currently, the exact mechanisms involved in cold water swimming stress (CWSS)-induced antinociception have not been revealed. However, several authors have reported that supraspinal or spinal opioid receptors appear to be related to CWSS-induced antinociception 12., 28., 29.. It is well known that opioids produce a strong antinociception (for review, see 15., 31.) and repeated administration of opioids shows the development of tolerance in the production of antinociception (for review, see 1., 3., 14.). If opioids are involved in CWSS-induced antinociception, it is speculated that the antinociceptive tolerance may be developed when mice are forced to the repeated CWSS.
Thus, in the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of mice forced to a single and repeated CWSS was characterized. Furthermore, mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptor binding properties were assessed in mice forced to a single and repeated CWSS.
Section snippets
Experimental animals
Male ICR mice (25–30 g) from Daehan Laboratories (Seoul, Korea) were used for all experiments. The animals were housed five per cage in a room maintained at 22±0.5 °C with an alternating 12 h light:dark cycle. Food and water were available ad libitum. Each mouse was used only once.
Cold water swimming stress
The mice were forced to swim in cold (4 °C) water for 3 min. The mice were allowed to swim in a container 15 cm in diameter and 20 cm tall with water filled to a depth of 11 cm. Repeated swimming was performed twice per day
Antinociceptive profiles of mice forced to a single and repeated CWSS
Five minutes after the swimming, mice were subjected for the tail-flick test. As shown in Fig. 1, a single swimming at 4 °C produced the inhibition of the tail-flick response. The inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by swimming stress reached a maximum 10 min after the swimming, gradually began to decrease, and returned to the control level 30 min after the swimming. However, no profound antinociception was produced in mice forced to the repeated CWSS (Fig. 1).
Opioid receptor binding properties in mice forced to a single and repeated CWSS
As shown in Table 1, Table 3
Discussion
The results of the present study clearly demonstrate that CWSS produces a profound antinociception in a tail-flick test and the antinociceptive tolerance is developed, when mice are forced to a repeated (up to seven times) CWSS. Our results are, at least in part, similar to the studies by other groups. For example, Truesdell and Bodnar [27] have reported that exposing rats to a 3.5 min swimming at 2 °C water significantly increased tail-flick withdrawal latencies for up to 60 min following the
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Research Grant from Hallym University, South Korea.
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