Elsevier

Advances in Catalysis

Volume 16, 1966, Pages 179-274
Advances in Catalysis

Chemical Identification of Surface Groups

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Publisher Summary

The properties of a surface are influenced by the surface groups and the knowledge of their existence and of their chemistry are important for many technological processes. This chapter examines the surface compounds on carbon—microcrystalline carbon, graphite, and diamond—on silica, on titania, and on alumina and silica–alumina. Most important and best known among the surface compounds of carbon are those with oxygen and with sulfur. Thus, two kinds of surface oxides are known. Basic surface oxides are formed always when a carbon surface is freed from all surface compounds by heating in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere and comes into contact with oxygen only after cooling to low temperatures. Acidic surface oxides are formed when carbon is treated with oxygen a temperatures near its ignition point. Unambiguous identification of carboxyl groups has been achieved by two reactions of the acyl chlorides: Friedel–Crafts reaction and Schmidt rearrangement.

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