Capacity of Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus for decolorization of chemically different dyes
Introduction
Large amounts of chemically different dyes are used for various industrial applications including textile dyeing. A significant proportion appears in the form of wastewater and is spilled into the environment (Meyer, 1981). Conventional wastewater treatment is not efficient to remove recalcitrant dyestuffs from effluents (Shaul et al., 1991). Physical and chemical methods used for removal of dyes, i.e. adsorption, chemical transformation, incineration, photocatalysis or ozonation, are effective but rather costly (Banat et al., 1996, De Moraes et al., 2000). Biodegradation is an environmental friendly and cost competitive alternative, but even in this case, under anaerobic conditions, aromatic amines can be formed by reductive fission of the azo bond which pose a more serious biotoxic threat than the original azo dyes (Chung and Stevens, 1993).
Ligninolytic fungi are able to degrade aerobically a wide variety of recalcitrant organic pollutants, including various types of dyes (e.g. Paszczynski and Crawford, 1995). As a result of the low specificity of lignin degrading enzymes, individual azo-, triphenylmethane-, anthraquin-one-, phthalocyanine- and heterocyclic dyes (Ollikka et al., 1993, Swamy and Ramsay, 1999), as well as complex industrial effluents (Schliephake et al., 1993, Kirby et al., 1995) are efficiently decolorized.
Fungal lignin peroxidase (LIP), manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) and laccase have been repeatedly implicated in decolorization of diverse synthetic dyes (Ollikka et al., 1993, Chivukula and Renganathan, 1995, Heinfling et al., 1998). The efficiency of dye oxidation by LIP significantly increased in the presence of veratryl alcohol. MnP of Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii decolorized azo- and phthalocyanine dyes in a manganese-independent manner (Ollikka et al., 1993, Heinfling et al., 1998). When relative contributions of LIP and MnP to decolorization of olive mill wastewaters by Phanerochaete chrysosporium were studied, high levels of LIP activity were found to be connected with high efficiency of olive mill wastewater decolorization (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1995).
As most information on the biodegradation of synthetic dyes by ligninolytic fungi has been obtained with P. chrysosporium (Cripps et al., 1990, Paszczynski and Crawford, 1995), the purpose of our study was to select other efficient fungal degraders using standard screening methods with polymeric and anthraquinone dyes (Gold et al., 1988, Lonergan et al., 1993), characterize their capacity to decolorize diverse dyestuffs representing the main chemical dye groups under various conditions and check their growth tolerance towards the presence of the dyes in the environment.
Section snippets
Microorganisms
The following strains of ligninolytic fungi were used: B. adusta 606/93, Ceriporia metamorphosa 193/93, Daedaleopsis confragosa 491/93, Irpex lacteus 617/93, Mycoacia nothofagi 446/93, P. chrysosporium ME446, Phellinus pseudopunctatus 538/93, Pleurotus ostreatus 670/93, Stereum rugosum 210/93 and Trametes versicolor 167/93. P. chrysosporium ME446 originated from the Culture Collection of Basidiomycetes (CCBAS), Institute of Microbiology, Prague. The other strains were isolated from decayed wood
Screening
Preselection of fungal strains efficient in biodegradation of synthetic dyes started with a total of more than 100 wood-rot strains isolated in woods in central Europe (Šašek et al., 1998). Capability of decolorization of Poly R-478 and RBBR dyes, considered to be a measure of ligninolytic activity and correlated with biodegradation of PAHs (Glenn and Gold, 1983, Field et al., 1992), was compared in detail in selected strains representing ten different fungal species (Table 1). The content of
Acknowledgements
The work was supported by the Czech-German project WTZ-TSR-040-97 and by the projects Nos. 526/00/1303 and 526/99/0519 of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic. The authors thank to P. Vampola for providing strains of basidiomycete fungi. Part of the results was presented at the Asian Mycological Congress 1999, India.
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