Use of activated carbons prepared from sawdust and rice-husk for adsorption of acid dyes: a case study of Acid Yellow 36

doi:10.1016/S0143-7208(02)00159-6

Dyes and Pigments

Volume 56, Issue 3, March 2003, Pages 239-249

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(02)00159-6 Get rights and content

Abstract

Activated carbons, prepared from low-cost mahogany sawdust and rice husk have been utilized as the adsorbents for the removal of acid dyes from aqueous solution. An acid dye, Acid Yellow 36 has been used as the adsorbate. Results show that a pH value of 3 is favourable for the adsorption of acid dye. The isothermal data could be well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Kinetic parameters of adsorption such as the Langergren pseudo-first-order constant and the intraparticle diffusion rate constant were determined. For the present adsorption process, intraparticle diffusion of dye molecule within the particle has been identified to be rate limiting. The adsorption capacities of sawdust carbon (SDC) and rice husk carbon (RHC) were found to be 183.8 mg and 86.9 mg per g of the adsorbent respectively. The results indicate that SDC and RHC could be employed as low-cost alternatives to commercial activated carbon in wastewater treatment for the removal of acid dyes.

Introduction

Dyes are widely used in industries such as textiles, rubber, paper, plastics, cosmetics etc. to colour their products; these dyes are invariably left in the industrial wastes. Dyes even in low concentrations effect the aquatic life and food web. Since many organic dyes are harmful to human beings, the removal of colour from process or waste effluents becomes environmentally important. Due to the large degree of organics present in these molecules and the stability of modern dyes, conventional physicochemical and biological treatment methods are ineffective for their removal [1], [2]. This led to the study of other effective methods.

The adsorption process is one of the efficient methods to remove dyes from effluent [3]. The process of adsorption has an edge over the other methods due to its sludge free clean operation and complete removal of dyes even from dilute solutions. Activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent for this purpose because of its extended surface area, microporous structure, high adsorption capacity and high degree of surface reactivity. However, commercially available activated carbons are very expensive [4], [5], [6], [7]. This has led to search for cheaper substituents. Nowadays, a number of low-cost, commercially available adsorbents have been tried for dye removal. These include coal fly-ash, wood, silicagel, agricultural wastes and cotton wastes [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. Adsorption studies for dye removal have been carried out using activated carbon made from non-conventional sources as adsorbents [10], [11], [12]. However, as the adsorption capacities of the above adsorbents are not large, new adsorbents are still under development. Activated carbon obtained from rubber seed coat, palm seed coat and myrobalan waste were investigated for the removal of wide variety of impurities from water and wastewater. In general, these carbons will be as efficient in the adsorption of both organics and inorganics as the commercial activated carbons [13].

The purpose of this work was to investigate the adsorption capacity of activated carbons, prepared from low-cost mahogany sawdust and rice husk on adsorption of acid dyes from aqueous solution. Acid Yellow 36 was selected for the adsorption experiment due to its presence in wastewaters of several industrial such as textile, tannery, paper, soap, cosmetics, polishes, wax etc. It is a mono-azo dye. Its toxic and carcinogenic nature has been reported. Acute toxicity of Acid Yellow 36 to heteropneustes fossilis has also been reported. Besides mortality, other adverse effects of Acid Yellow 36 to the test fish included loss of body weight, changes in body colours, restlessness, jerky and random movements [14], [15]. We investigated the equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption. The Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to fit the equilibrium isotherm. The batch contact time method was used to measure the adsorption rate. Kinetic parameters were then evaluated. The results will be useful for further application of SDC and RHC in colour removal from wastewater.

Section snippets

Materials

The sawdust and rice husk were collected from local saw-mill and rice-mill respectively. They were separately washed with hot distilled water to remove dust like impurities and dried in sun. The resulting materials were separately carbonised by heating in air. Activation was applied by means of steam. Details of operating condition are given in Table 1. All samples were grounded and dried at (100±5) °C for overnight before the determination of their chemical properties. Before utilisation, the

Results and discussion

The physicochemical characteristics of SDC and RHC are summarised in Table 2. Both surface acidity and surface basicity of SDC and RHC have been determined using titration methods [16].

Conclusion

The results of present investigation show that activated carbon prepared from low cost materials, mahogany sawdust and rice husk have suitable adsorption capacity with regard to the removal of Acid Yellow 36 from its aqueous solution. Mahogany sawdust carbon has better adsorption capacity than rice husk carbon. The adsorption is highly dependent on contact time, adsorbent dose and pH. The optimal pH for favorable adsorption of Acid Yellow 36 is 3 and below. Adsorption obeys both Freundlich and

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Use of activated carbons prepared from sawdust and rice-husk for adsorption of acid dyes: a case study of Acid Yellow 36

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Materials

Results and discussion

Conclusion

Appl. Clay. Sci.

Chem Eng J.

Water Res.

Water Res.

Dyes and Pigments

Dyes and Pigments

Adsorption of dyestuffs from aqueous solutions with activated carbon, part I, equilibrium and batch contact-time studies

J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol

Waste colour removal from textile effluents

Am Dyestuff Rep

Microbial process for decolourisation of textile effluents containing azo, diazo and reactive dyes

Process Biochem.

Removal of cadmium (II) by low cost adsorbents

J. Environ. Eng. ASCE

Comparative sorption equilibrium studies of toxic phenols on fly ash and impregnated fly ash

J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.

Equilibrium studies for the adsorption of dyestuff from aqueous solutions by low-cost materials

Water Air Soil Pollut.

Removal of Victoria blue from aqueous solution by fly ash

J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol

The ability of activated clay for the adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions

Environ Technol.

Activated carbon from Krishnachura fruit (Delonix regia) and caste seed (Ricinus communis L.)

Ind J Chem Technol

Colour removal from a dye-stuff industry effluent using activated carbon

Ind J Chem Technol