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Antifouling processes and toxicity effects of antifouling paints on marine environment. A review
2018, Environmental Toxicology and PharmacologyAcute toxicity of organic antifouling biocides to phytoplankton Nitzschia pungens and zooplankton Artemia larvae
2017, Marine Pollution BulletinCitation Excerpt :Surveys of seawater and sediment have detected Irgarol 1051 in concentrations varying from miniscule (a few parts per trillion) as high as 1700 ng l− 1 depending on the location and time of sampling (Readman et al., 1993; Voulvioulis et al., 1999b). Irgarol 1051 degradation in seawater occurs more slowly than with other biocides, with a half-life of 100– 200 days (Scarlett et al., 1997; Voulvoulis et al., 1999a); its biological, chemical, and photodegradation occurs mainly with M1 (GS26575, 2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-amino-s-triazine) (Liu et al., 1997, 1999; Okamura et al., 1999; Balcomb et al., 2002; Okamura, 2002). The mechanism of action of Irgarol 1051, which begins at concentrations < 1 mg l− 1, is the interruption of chloroplast photosynthetic electron transport (De Noyelles et al., 1982).
Occurrence and distribution of antifouling biocide Irgarol-1051 in coral reef ecosystems, Zanzibar
2016, Marine Pollution BulletinToxicological studies of Irgarol-1051 and its effects on fatty acid composition of Asian sea-bass, Lates calcarifer
2015, Regional Studies in Marine ScienceCitation Excerpt :The toxicity of Irgarol 1051 to aquatic organisms has been comprehensively reviewed recently by Konstantinou and Albanis (2004). Most studies have focused on marine environments and, organisms (Scarlett et al., 1997; Liu et al., 1999; Biselli et al., 2000; Boxall et al., 2000; Sargent et al., 2000; Voulvoulis et al., 2000; Thomas et al., 2001; Gardinali et al., 2004; Manzo et al., 2008; Buma et al., 2009). However, there are limited data on the effects of Irgarol in relation to the fatty acid composition as a major of physiological health of marine organisms.
A macroalgal germling bioassay to assess biocide concentrations in marine waters
2015, Marine Pollution BulletinAlgal photosynthetic responses to toxic metals and herbicides assessed by chlorophyll a fluorescence
2014, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety