Report
Occurrence of the marine antifouling agent irgarol 1051 within the Plymouth Sound locality: Implications for the green macroalga Enteromorpha intestinalis

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00187-7Get rights and content

Abstract

Water samples taken from the Plymouth Sound locality were analysed for the presence of the s-triazine herbicide Irgarol 1051, which is an ingredient of antifouling paints used on pleasure boats and ships. Irgarol 1051 was detected at all sampling sites within the Sound; the highest levels were found in close proximity to areas of high boat density, especially where water flow was restricted within marinas. Concentrations within the semi-enclosed Sutton Harbour were less than values predicted from leach rate data. The highest detected concentration of over 120 ng dm−3 significantly inhibited the growth of Enteromorpha intestinalis spores under laboratory conditions; the no effect concentration was 22 ng dm−3. Photosynthetic efficiency in the adult frond of E. intestinalis from Sutton Harbour marina was inhibited by Irgarol 1051 in the laboratory with an EC 50 (72 h) of 2.5 |Gmg dm−3. A small adverse impact on E. intestinalis reproduction within the harbour is therefore likely. More polluted sites identified elsewhere in Europe will suffer proportionally greater impact.

References (15)

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

Cited by (87)

  • Acute toxicity of organic antifouling biocides to phytoplankton Nitzschia pungens and zooplankton Artemia larvae

    2017, Marine Pollution Bulletin
    Citation Excerpt :

    Surveys of seawater and sediment have detected Irgarol 1051 in concentrations varying from miniscule (a few parts per trillion) as high as 1700 ng l− 1 depending on the location and time of sampling (Readman et al., 1993; Voulvioulis et al., 1999b). Irgarol 1051 degradation in seawater occurs more slowly than with other biocides, with a half-life of 100– 200 days (Scarlett et al., 1997; Voulvoulis et al., 1999a); its biological, chemical, and photodegradation occurs mainly with M1 (GS26575, 2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-amino-s-triazine) (Liu et al., 1997, 1999; Okamura et al., 1999; Balcomb et al., 2002; Okamura, 2002). The mechanism of action of Irgarol 1051, which begins at concentrations < 1 mg l− 1, is the interruption of chloroplast photosynthetic electron transport (De Noyelles et al., 1982).

  • Toxicological studies of Irgarol-1051 and its effects on fatty acid composition of Asian sea-bass, Lates calcarifer

    2015, Regional Studies in Marine Science
    Citation Excerpt :

    The toxicity of Irgarol 1051 to aquatic organisms has been comprehensively reviewed recently by Konstantinou and Albanis (2004). Most studies have focused on marine environments and, organisms (Scarlett et al., 1997; Liu et al., 1999; Biselli et al., 2000; Boxall et al., 2000; Sargent et al., 2000; Voulvoulis et al., 2000; Thomas et al., 2001; Gardinali et al., 2004; Manzo et al., 2008; Buma et al., 2009). However, there are limited data on the effects of Irgarol in relation to the fatty acid composition as a major of physiological health of marine organisms.

View all citing articles on Scopus
View full text