Femtogram detection of perfluorocarbon tracers using capillary gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry
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Tracers for evaluating computational models of atmospheric transport and oxidation at regional to global scales
2021, Atmospheric EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :Unfortunately the atmospheric background concentrations of several perfluorocarbon tracers (see Table 1) are believed to have increased to about 10 ppq due to emissions from various industrial applications, and their release in several major tracer experiments (Draxler et al., 1991, Straume et al., 1998; Nordop et al., 1998; Kim et al., 2002), (see Table 1). Assuming we can accurately determine the current atmospheric background concentration of these specific c-PFCs, we could still design experiments which release sufficient amounts of tracer to overpower this non-zero background, thereby providing a substantial enhancement which can be measured with high precision (Begley et al., 1988). Based on the release of a novel perfluorocarbon tracer (i.e. with zero background concentration) and a 1L sample volume it should be possible to determine a tracer atmospheric mixing ratio of 10 ppq with high precision, assuming quantitative trapping and detection of the tracer.
Tracers - Past, present and future applications in CO<inf>2</inf> geosequestration
2013, Applied GeochemistryCitation Excerpt :For example, Tomich et al. (1973) found that reactive esters in particular ethyl acetate, which hydrolyses in the subsurface could be injected and then produced from the same well to determine residual oil saturation in a hydrocarbon reservoir formation (Tomich et al., 1973). After the development of ultrasensitive detection techniques for perfluorocarbon tracers (PFT) to fL/L levels (Begley et al., 1988), PFCs were utilised in characterising oil and gas reservoirs (Senum et al., 1992; Ljosland et al., 1993). Due to environmental and health safety concerns and regulations, a number of tracer compound groups, for example radioactive tracers, chlorofluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride, are no longer routinely used.
Chemical ionization pathways of polyfluorinated chemicals - A connection to environmental atmospheric processes
2003, Journal of the American Society for Mass SpectrometryLes émulsions de fluorocarbures (PFC) : Des transporteurs d'oxygène injectables efficaces et facilement détectables
2001, Revue Francaise des LaboratoiresDetermination of perfluorobutane in rat blood by automatic headspace capillary gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry
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