Chapter 44 - Phthalates
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Aquatic and human health risk assessment of Humanogenic Emerging Contaminants (HECs), Phthalate Esters from the Indian Rivers
2022, ChemosphereCitation Excerpt :Phthalates are esters of 1, 2-dibenzene dicarboxylic acid and are grouped into two based on molecular weight. Low molecular weight phthalates are widely present in personal care products, toys, medical devices, adhesives, building material and electronics (Jonsson et al., 2003; Guo and Kannan, 2013; Lyche, 2017). High molecular weight phthalates, provide increased permanency and durability, are primarily used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs) (Katsikantami et al., 2016).
Assessment of susceptibility to phthalate and DINCH exposure through CYP and UGT single nucleotide polymorphisms
2022, Environment InternationalCitation Excerpt :Firstly, they are hydrolysed by esterase or lipases into the corresponding monoesters (phase I biotransformation) followed by oxidation of the monoester side chain by the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs; phase I biotransformation) resulting into secondary metabolites – mainly with hydroxy, oxo, and carboxy functional groups. Most of the metabolites further undergo conjugation (phase II biotransformation), which is catalysed mainly by UDP-glucuronyl transferases (UGTs), forming hydrophilic conjugates that are easily excreted in within 48 h in urine (major pathway) or faeces (minor pathway) (Frederiksen et al., 2007; Benjamin et al., 2017; Lyche, 2017; Domínguez-Romero and Scheringer, 2019). Accordingly, exposure to PHs and DINCH is assessed by the measurement of the primary and secondary metabolites in the urine; mostly without distinguishing between conjugated and non-conjugated forms.
Targeted and suspect screening of plasticizers in house dust to assess cumulative human exposure risk
2021, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :We also explored the correlations between PEs, APs and OPEs measured in our previous study (Demirtepe et al., 2019). We found weak significant correlations for some compounds, such as tri-n-butyl phosphate correlated with DEP (rs = 0.28, p < 0.05) and DMP (rs = 0.40, p < 0.01) which have common uses as plasticizers in cellulose lacquers, plastics, and vinyl resins (Lyche, 2017; PubChem, 2020). A questionnaire provided ancillary information on characteristics of the Slovakian homes.