Peptidergic transmission: From morphological correlates to functional implications

doi:10.1016/0968-4328(95)00028-3

Micron

Volume 27, Issue 1, February 1996, Pages 35-91

https://doi.org/10.1016/0968-4328(95)00028-3 Get rights and content

Abstract

Like non-peptidergic transmitters, neuropeptides and their receptors display a wide distribution in specific cell types of the nervous system. The peptides are synthesized, typically as part of a larger precursor molecule, on the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell body. In thetrans-Golgi network, they are sorted to the regulated secretory pathway, packaged into so-called large dense-core vesicles, and concentrated.

Large dense-core vesicles are preferentially located at sites distant from active zones of synapses. Exocytosis may occur not only at synaptic specializations in axonal terminals but frequently also at nonsynaptic release sites throughout the neuron. Large dense-core vesicles are distinguished from small, clear synaptic vesicles, which contain ‘classical’ transmitters, by their morphological appearance and, partially, their biochemical composition, the mode of stimulation required for release, the type of calcium channels involved in the exocytotic process, and the time course of recovery after stimulation. The frequently observed ‘diffuse’ release of neuropeptides and their occurrence also in areas distant to release sites is paralleled by the existence of pronounced peptide-peptide receptor mismatches found at the light microscopic and ultrastructural level. Coexistence of neuropeptides with other peptidergic and non-peptidergic substances within the same neuron or even within the same vesicle has been established for numerous neuronal systems.

In addition to exerting excitatory and inhibitory transmitter-like effects and modulating the release of other neuroactive substances in the nervous system, several neuropeptides are involved in the regulation of neuronal development.

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Peptidergic transmission: From morphological correlates to functional implications

Abstract

Isolation and characterization of secretory granules storing a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like peptide inTorpedo cholinergic electromotor neutrons

J. Neurochem.

Characterization, by size, density, osmotic fragility, and immunoaffinity, of acetylchlonine- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing storage particles from myenteric neurones of the guinea-pig

J. Neurochem.

Somatostatin analogs affect proliferation of human thyroid carcinoma cell linesin vitro

J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.

Overexpression of β2-microglobulin in transgenic mouse islet β cells results in defective insulin secretion

Combined use of immunoperoxidase and radioimmunocytochemistry for double immunocytochemical labeling of neurons at light and electron microscopic level

J. Histochem. Cytochem.

Partial coexistence of NADPH-diaphorase and somatostatin in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

Neurosci. Lett.

Localization of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in acetylcholinesterase-positive cells in the guinea-pig lateral superior olivary complex that project to the cochlea

Neuroscience

Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products

Nature

Effects of stimulation of the chorda tympani in bursts on submaxillary responses in the cat

J. Physiol.

Coexistence of serotonin- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers apposing identified sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons in rat intermediolateral cell column

Neurosci. Lett.

Evidence that somatostatin enhances endogenous acetylcholine release in the rat hippocampus

J. Neurochem.

Structures and chromosomal localizations of two human genes encoding synaptobrevins 1 and 2

J. Biol. Chem.

Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons of preprosomatostatins

J. Biol. Chem.

Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in rat area postrema: Ultrastructural localization and coexistence with serotonin

Brain Res.

Somatostatin and cholecystokinin octapeptide differentially modulate the release of [3H]acetylcholine from caudate nucleus but not cerebral cortex: Role of dopamine receptor activation

Brain Res.

Three types of Ca2+ channel trigger secretion with different efficacies in chromaffin cells

Nature

Regulated and constitutive protein targeting can be distinguished by secretory polarity in thyroid epithelial cells

J. Cell Biol.

Evidence for coexistence between calcitonin gene-related peptide and serotonin in the bulbospinal pathway in the monkey

Brain Res.

Distribution of125I-galanin binding sites, immunoreactive galanin, and its coexistence with 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cat spinal cord: Biochemical, histochemical, and experimental studies at the light and electron microscopic level

J. Comp. Neurol.

Cortical and subcortical neuropeptides in Alzheimer's disease

Neurobiol. Aging

The calcium signal for transmitter secretion from presynaptic nerve terminals

Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.

Nonsynaptic diffusion neurotransmission (NDN) in the brain

Neurochem. Int.

Calcium-dependent calmodulin binding to chromaffin granule membranes: Presence of a 65-kilodalton calmodulin-binding protein

J. Neurochem.

Über Synapsen an endokrinen Epithelzellen und die Definition sekretorischer Neurone—Untersuchungen am Zwischenlappen der Katzenhypophyse

Z. Zellforsch.

Subcellular fractionation of bovine ganglion stellatum: Co-storage of noradrenaline, Met-enkephalin and neuropeptide Y in large “densecored” vesicles

Brain Res.

Synaptobrevin: An integral membrane protein of 18,000 daltons present in small synaptic vesicles of rat brain

EMBO J.

Somatostatin in neurodegenerative illnesses

Metabolism

CSF somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in dementia

Neurology

The effect of somatostatin on striatal catecholamines

Neurosci. Lett.

Reduced numbers of somatostatin receptors in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease

Science

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Neuroscience

Facial parasympathetic innervation of the rat choroid, lacrimal glands and ciliary ganglion. An ultrastructural pterygopalatine tracing and immunohistochemical study

Ophthalmic Res.

Molecular biology of somatostatin receptors

Trends Neurosci.

Visualization of non-synaptic release sites in the myenteric plexus of the snailHelix pomatia

Neuroscience

Syntaxin: A synaptic protein implicated in docking of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic active zones

Science

The molecular machinery for secretion is conserved from yeast to neurons

Basic fibroblast growth factor induces proliferation of a rat pancreatic cancer cell line. Inhibition by somatostatin

Int. J. Cancer

Subcellular localization of growth hormone release inhibiting hormone in rat hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and thalamus

J. Neurochem.

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J. Neurochem.

Distribution, parabrachial region projection, and coexistence of neuropeptide and catecholamine cells of the nucleus of the solitary tract in the pigeon

J. Comp. Neurol.

Overexpression of β₂-microglobulin in transgenic mouse islet β cells results in defective insulin secretion

Somatostatin and cholecystokinin octapeptide differentially modulate the release of [³H]acetylcholine from caudate nucleus but not cerebral cortex: Role of dopamine receptor activation

Three types of Ca²⁺ channel trigger secretion with different efficacies in chromaffin cells

Distribution of¹²⁵I-galanin binding sites, immunoreactive galanin, and its coexistence with 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cat spinal cord: Biochemical, histochemical, and experimental studies at the light and electron microscopic level