Effect of particle modulus and toughness on strength and toughness in brittle particulate composites

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    It is also worth pointing out that, if we compare the neat geopolymer (Fig. 5A and B) with the hybrid composite specimens (Figs. 5C–F and 6A and B) it can be easily observed that the number and the extension of the microcracks, that characterize the fracture surface of the geopolymer specimen, is strongly reduced by the addition of the organic resin. Therefore, the presence of the resin particles seems to prevent the cracking growth and propagation thus improving the mechanical properties and enhancing the fracture toughness of the brittle inorganic matrix by means of a sort of crack deflection mechanism typical of particle reinforced ceramic matrix composites [49,50]. As a final point, Fig. 7 shows the SEM images of GEO-Mel20 and GEO-MelAptes20 hybrid composites after thermal treatment at 800 °C for 24 h in air.

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    Therefore, in agreement with what observed by DMTA analysis (described in Section 3.2.2) and with the compressive strength determinations (described in Section 3.2.5), the resin seems to prevent the cracking growth and propagation improving the mechanical properties and enhancing the fracture toughness of the brittle inorganic matrix. As a matter of fact, a sort of crack deflection mechanism typical of particle reinforced ceramic matrix composites could be expected to occur (Boccaccini et al., 1997; Monette and Anderson, 1993). Finally, Fig. 6d and d′ show the images of a specimen of hybrid I after thermal treatment at 800 °C for 1 h.

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