Diurnal variations in the feeding responses to norepinephrine, neuropeptide Y and galanin in the PVN

doi:10.1016/0361-9230(90)90177-2

Brain Research Bulletin

Volume 25, Issue 6, December 1990, Pages 821-825

https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(90)90177-2 Get rights and content

Abstract

The feeding responses elicited by injection of norepinephrine (NE), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL) into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were studied at two different times of the dark (active) cycle in male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained ad lib on pure nutrient diets. The feeding response elicited by NE in the PVN, characterized by a potent and selective stimulatory effect on ingestion of the carbohydrate diet, was significantly stronger during the early dark period (+11.7 kcal over vehicle baseline) relative to the late dark period (+7.6 kcal). A similar pattern of effects was observed with NPY in the PVN, which also selectively potentiated carbohydrate ingestion. The effects of GAL were different from those observed with NE and NPY. Whereas the total amount of food consumed after PVN GAL injection was similar in the early and late dark periods, the macronutrient selection patterns exhibited at these two times were different. During the early dark period, PVN GAL had a small stimulatory effect on carbohydrate, in addition to a strong enhancement of fat intake; in the late dark period, in contrast, GAL stimulated intake only of the fat diet. These findings may reflect differential functions of these hypothalamic neurotransmitters in controlling nutrient ingestion at different periods of the circadian cycle.

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A high-fat diet (HFD) can increase hypothalamic galanin (GAL). GAL has recently been shown to inhibit opiate reward, which in turn, decreases cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). We hypothesized that injection of GAL into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), or consumption of a HFD, would be associated with a decrease in NAc CREB. In Exp. 1, GAL in the PVN of naïve rats decreased phosphorylated-CREB (pCREB) which is the activated form of CREB, in the NAc compared to saline-injected controls. In Exp. 2, rats fed ad libitum HFD for 4 weeks had reduced NAc pCREB levels compared to rats with sporadic tastes of the HFD. Body weight, serum triglyceride and leptin levels were also raised in the chronic HFD-fed rats. These data suggest that PVN GAL or chronic intake of a HFD can decrease NAc pCREB. The implications of these findings may help to explain the lack of opiate-like withdrawal that has been reported in response to overeating a HFD, thereby providing a potential mechanism underlying behavioral differences seen with addiction-like overconsumption of different types of palatable foods.
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Also, the expression of gut GalR1a mRNA was decreased to the normal level when the fasted zebrafish were refed with a standard laboratory chow. This consisted the functions of GalRs in mammalian, which GalRs contribute to the food intake and body weight (Kyrkouli et al., 1986; Kyrkouli et al., 1990; Tempel and Leibowitz, 1990; Akabayashi et al., 1994; Leibowitz et al., 1998; Kalra et al., 1999; Dube et al., 2000; Balint et al., 2001). In rat, a dramatic increase in the consumption of standard chow was found after microinjection of galanin into the PVN of the hypothalamus (Adams et al., 2008), whereas galanin receptor peptidic antagonists could reduce feeding (Leibowitz and Kim, 1992; Corwin et al., 1993).
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ArticleDiurnal variations in the feeding responses to norepinephrine, neuropeptide Y and galanin in the PVN

Abstract

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Article
Diurnal variations in the feeding responses to norepinephrine, neuropeptide Y and galanin in the PVN